border landscape – the architecture and characteristics of the area between territories.

1. border landscape – the architecture and characteristics of the area between territories.

2. boundary, disputes - definitional – focuses on the legal language

3. boundary disputes, locational – delimination and possibly demarcation of the boundary

4. boundary disputes,operational – neighbors differ over how border should function

5. boundary disputes, allocational – disputes over resources

6. boundary origin, antecedent - boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed, ie. Malaysia/Indonesia on the island of Borneo.

7. boundaryorigin, subsequent - boundaries that are created as a result of long term processes, ie Vietnam/China.

8. boundary origin, superimposed - boundary that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve a problem and/or conflict, ie. Indonesia/Papa New Guinea

9. boundary origin,relic - boundary that ceases to exist, however the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape, ie. north/south Vietnam.

10. boundary process,definition – treaty like, legal document in which actual points of longitude and latitude are described

11. boundary, process – delimitation - there are no physical signs on Earth's surface to show that a boundary exists, ie. Saudi Arabia/Omen.

12. boundary, process – demarcation -- political boundaries on Earth's surface are determined by the use of man made structures such as fences and walls, ie. United States/Mexico.

13. boundary, type - natural/physical - - major physical features such as a deserts, mountain ranges, and/or water bodies that serves as a means of separation, ie. Great Lakes, Pyrenees Mountains, and Sahara desert.

14. boundary, type - ethnographic/cultural - political boundary that separates different cultures, ie. former Yugoslavia.

15. boundary, type - geometric - straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and /or cultural differences, ie. United States/Canadian border.

16. boundary, type – language - boundary that separates different language speakers, ie. traditionally many countries in Europe such as England, France, Spain, and Portugal.

17. boundary, type – religious - boundary that separates different religions, ie. Northern Ireland/Ireland.

18. buffer state – an independent country that lies between two larger and more powerful countries that are in most cases antagonistic toward each other ie. Mongolia between China and Russia, Nepal between India and China

19. capital –the seat of government

20. enclave portion of a state that is totally surrounded by another state, ie. Armenia./

21. exclave - small portion of land that is separated from the main state, ie. Kaliningrad /Russia.

22. irredentism – advocating of annexation of territories administered by another state n the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession

23. landlocked - state not having direct access to an ocean, ie. Bolivia.

24. median-line principle – (see definitional boundary disputes)When a border is a physical feature such as a river, the median line or middle of the river forms the border line.

25. political geography – a subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal

26. sovereignty – principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social economic and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states

27. territorial integrity -a country or more local communities sense of property and attachment toward a territory as expressed by its determination to keep it unviable and strongly defended

28. compact territorial morphology– a state whose territory is relatively round shaped

29. fragmented territorial morphology –– a state that is not a contiguous whole, but rather separated parts (island nations)

30. elongated territorial morphology –– a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape

31. prorupted territorial morphology –- state having a portion of territory that is elongated, ie. Thailand.

32. perforated territorial morphology –- state that totally surrounds another state, ie. South Africa.

33. territoriality – the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence or control people, phenomena and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.

34. Berlin Conference (1884) a meeting of the major colonizers of Africa to lay out the colonial map, divvy up Africa among themselves

35. city-state – an autonomous state consisting of a city and surrounding territory

36. colonialism – rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place

37. confederation – a body formed by persons, states or nations united by a league or common cause

38. decolonization – the gaining of independence by a colony

39. democracy - a government based on the principle that people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

40. devolution – the process by whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government, ie Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia

41. domino theory - 20th Century foreign policy theory that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect

42. federal – a political system where a central government represents the various entities within a nation state while retaining their individual identities

43. forward capital - Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention. In the case of St. Petersburg, it demonstrated Russia's commitment to play a major role in the Baltic theater as well as being receptive to European cultural and economic innovations.

44. frontier - zone where no state exercises political control, ie. Antarctica and Portions of Saudi Arabia.

45. hegemon- ruling class

46. immigrant states - areas with large populations of immigrants

47. Manifest Destiny - phrase that expressed the belief that the United States had a mission to expand, spreading its form of democracy and freedom.

48. mercantilism – associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. A protectionist policy of European states during the 16th to 17th century that promoted a state’s economic position in the contest with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance were central to the policy.

49. microstate/ministate- state that is extremely small, ie. San Marino or vatican City

50. multinational state – state with more than one nation within its borders