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“ Engineering education , international mobility and upward social mobility ”

“ Engineering education , international mobility and upward social mobility ”. Gabriel POLONIECKI. Overview. Introduction Social mix in French higher education Engineering studies in France Alternative ways to become an engineer in France International mobility

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“ Engineering education , international mobility and upward social mobility ”

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  1. “Engineeringeducation, internationalmobility and upward social mobility” Gabriel POLONIECKI

  2. Overview Introduction Social mix in French highereducation Engineering studies in France Alternative ways to become an engineer in France International mobility Concludingremarks

  3. Introduction Engineering Education for SustainableDevelopment and Social Inclusion Social Mobility

  4. Social mix in French highereducation • Republican model, meritocracy • Public and almost free education • National final exam atthe end of highschool(Baccalauréat) • Public universitieswithoutselective entrance for a lot of fields • Almost free prep. Schools and competitiveexamination entrance for schools (Grandes Ecoles)

  5. Social mix situation in HE in France • Some figures • Social « lift » ? Socio-economic class

  6. Engineering studies in France • Prestigiousdegree and title. Well-consideredlevel of French engineers • National Accreditation - CTI • Independent Schools (most of them), not Faculties. Quitesmall size. • A few of Univ. of Technology • Veryselective entrance Commission des Titres d’Ingénieur (Engineertitle commission)

  7. Eng. studies in France ENGINEER Eng. Grad. Sch. 3 5 yrsSch. (5th) Eng. Grad. Sch. 2 5 yrsSch. (4th) Eng. Grad. Sch. 1 5 yrsSch. (3rd) 5 yrs. Sch. (2nd) CPGE2 5 yrs. Sch. (1st) CPGE1 High School

  8. Alternative ways to become an Engineer in France • Schools point of view(CTI) • Excellent results, whyshouldit change ? • Absence of upward social mobility : problem for companies and even more for the whole society • Companies & Schools Social Responsability • France needs more engineers, about 30% more per year (30k to 40k) (CDEFI) CDEFI : Conférence des Directeurs des Ecoles Françaises d’Ingénieurs

  9. Alternative ways • Lessattractivity on STEM fields • Encouraged by National Accreditation Commission (CTI) and Government • Need to enlarge the recruitment • Also Campus benefits : • Social mix, • Education background mix, • International mix • and Gender mix • open minds

  10. Alternative ways • Social mix – Upper Social Mobility • Traditional « noble pathway » : • CPGE + Eng. Grad. Schools • 39% of students in Eng Schools • But just a few studentsfromlower SEC, why ?

  11. CPGE characteristics: • Excellence in basic sciences • Hard work • Competitive • Absence of degree • Uncertainty of the competitiveexamination • Studentscharacteristics & perceptions : • Most lower SEC students in technologicalpaths • Intermediatedegreesrequired • Less self-confidence • Glass ceilingeffect Alternative ways

  12. Some propositions : • Promote engineering studies in highschools • Alternative pedagogicalmethods(apprenticeship, etc..) • Enlargerecruitment in CPGE • Create more CPGE, Quota system, • Improve links betweenhighschools in lower SEC quarters and CPGE • Enlargerecruitmentoutside CPGE • Sciences studentsatuniversities • International students • Graduatesfrom post-secondaryvocationaleducation Alternative ways

  13. Post-secondaryVocational Education : IUT & STS Labormarket IUT2 STS2 High Schools Universities IUT1 STS1 • Vocational 2 yrsstudies, internships • Deliver « Associatedegrees » • High proportion of need-basedgrantholders and studentsbelonging to lower SEC

  14. Post-secondaryVocational Education : IUT & STS Labormarket Eng. and Bus. School, Master’sdeg. Bachelor’sdegree IUT2 STS2 High Schools Universities IUT1 STS1 • Vocational 2 yrsstudies, internships • Deliver « Associatedegrees » • High proportion of need-basedgrantholders and studentsbelonging to lower SEC

  15. Alternative ways ENGINEER Eng. Grad. Sch. 3 5 yrsSch. (5th) 14% 27% 39% Eng. Grad. Sch. 2 5 yrsSch. (4th) Eng. Grad. Sch. 1 5 yrsSch. (3rd) STS2 5 yrs. Sch. (2nd) IUT2 L2 CPGE2 STS1 5 yrs. Sch. (1st) IUT1 L1 CPGE1 High School

  16. Comments • The trend is to continue and to increase the social mix in Engineering Schools. • Other propositions are beingtested and one of themisparticularlyencouraged : • Apprenticeshippedagogy : • Students are hired by companieswheretheywork about half of the time during engineering studies. Theyget a salary, and theirdegree/titleisexactlyequivalent. Alternative ways

  17. International Mobility • Internationalisation of HE • Severaldefinitions, approaches and indicators : • Research Collaboration, Research Networks • Foreignlanguageteaching and teaching in foreignlanguages • Faculty, Staff and Students exchange • International placements opportunities • International faculty and studentsrecruitment • TNE (Transnational Education), Offshoring • And more ..

  18. International Mobility • A lot of « good » reasons for internationalising HEI • Complexprocess : each country, region and HEI shouldchoosepriorities • Hundreds of paperscouldbefound about it

  19. Internationalisation of engineering education • Common withotherfieldsemphasizing in : • Research Collaboration, Research Networks • International placements opportunities • Faculty, Staff and Students exchange • Foreignlanguageteaching and teaching in foreignlanguages • Employability and/or Researchoriented

  20. International Mobility • Europe : • UE initial purposes : • Erasmus • European dimension in education • Qualityimprovement • Cooperationbetween institutions • Mobility encouragement • No social mix purposes • No employabilityimprovementpurposes • Leonardo da Vinci • Improvement of skills (vocational training) • Promote innovation

  21. International Mobility • Real Benefits for students : • ForeignLanguageProficiency • Interculturalunderstanding & competences • Knowledge of other countries • Academicknowledge • Skillsimprovement • Employabilityimprovement • Self-confidence

  22. International Mobility • Influence on Upward Social Mobility • Studiesconfirmthat, for a samelevel of studies, academicresults are almostindependentfrom social origins(Courtiaux,2011) • But employabilitystilldepends on social origins (less for engineers) (CEREQ,2010) • Reasons : • Cultural background, discrimination, foreignlanguageproficiency, less self-confidence, personal network, etc.. CEREQ : Centre d’études et de recherches sur les qualifications

  23. French figures (BNEI) • 34% of students in International Mobilityduringstudies in French Engineering schools (2009) • Increasing & becomingcompulsory BNEI : Bureau National des Elèves-Ingénieurs

  24. International Mobility • FinancingMobility • Studiesmobility : • Erasmus, Local governmentscholarships, HE Networks • Internships international mobility : • Erasmus, Local governmentscholarships, HE Networks, Companies

  25. Concludingremarks • A not new problematicsituation waspointed out. It is not usuallyconsidered, but itreflects a kind of social state of a society. • Althoughitwas not created on purpose to solvethisproblem, an interesting on-goingexperiencewasintroduced. • International mobilityalsocould help to go further in the same direction. • Only HE wasconsidered • Several actions couldbeimplemented, but thereisstill a long way to go.

  26. Thanks for your attention gabriel.poloniecki@gmail.com

  27. International Mobility • Other networks : • Engineering schools : • TIME, RMEI, FEEIAT, CESAER, CLUSTER, ECIU, ENTREE • They let to improve collaborations between HEI, for Education and Researchpurposes, and alsostudents and staff mobility.

  28. 5 years Engineering School 5 yrsSch. (5th) 5 yrsSch. (4th) 5 yrsSch. (3rd) 5 yrs. Sch. (2nd) 5 yrs. Sch. (1st) • Studentsadmitedjustafterhighschool • No competitiveexamination

  29. IUT Labormarket 16-20% Eng. and Bus. School, Master’sdeg. 50-55% Bachelor’sdegree 21-23% IUT(2nd) IUT(1st) • UniversityhostedVocationalschool • Deliver « Associatedegrees »

  30. STS Labormarket 62% Eng. and Bus. School, Master’sdeg. 5% Bachelor’sdegree 20% STS(2nd) STS(1st) • High SchoolhostedVocationalschool • Deliver « Associatedegrees »

  31. Universities – Bachelor’sdegree Eng. and Bus. School, Master’sdeg. Bachelor’sdegree Bachelor(2nd) Bachelor(1st) • Bachelor’sdegree (threeyrs) • DeliverBachelor’s, Master’s & PhD

  32. CPGE* Eng. and Bus. School 75% Bachelor’sdegree 25% CompetitiveExamination CPGE(2nd) CPGE(1st) • 2 yrsstudies, highlevel in Basic Sciences • No degreedelivered *Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles

  33. International Mobility • Other networks : • Engineering schools : • TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) • RMEI (Réseau Méditerranéen des Ecoles d'Ingénieurs) • FEEIAT (Fédération Européenne des Ecoles d’Ingénieurs de l’Automobile et des Transports) • CESAEER (Conference of EuropeanSchools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research) • CLUSTER (Consortium LinkingUniversities of Science and Technology for Education and Research) • ECIU • ENTREE

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