Guns, Germs, and Steel

2. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies based on the book of the same name by Jared Diamond

3. The Book’s Major Question • Peoples of Eurasian origin, especially those still living in Europe and Eastern Asia and in places where their cultures have spread, dominate the world in power and wealth. • Other peoples have been decimated, subjugated and even exterminated by Eurasian colonists. • WHY?

4. "In the 13,000 years since the end of the last Ice Age, …

5. …some parts of the world developed literate industrial societies with metal tools…

6. …other parts developed only non-literate farming societies…

7. …and still others remained societies of hunter-gatherers with stone tools…

8. Inequality and Extermination Those historical inequalities have cast long shadows on the modern world, because the literate societies with metal tools have conquered or exterminated the other societies."

9. Yali’s Question • Yali, a New Guinea politician asked • "Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, • but we black people had little cargo of our own?"

10. Distribution of Wealth • To rephrase, • "why did wealth and power become distributed as they now are, rather than in some other way?” Distribution of Wealth in the World

11. Common explanations • Racial or genetic superiority? • No objective evidence for this theory

12. Common explanations • Cold climate stimulates inventiveness? • But Europeans inherited from warm climate peoples • agriculture, • wheels, • writing, and • metallurgy • Japan inherited • Agriculture, metallurgy, writing • Industrial Revolution

13. Chapter 1 Up to the Starting Point

14. Cro Magnons • Cro-Magnons moved into Europe 40,000 years ago. • Tools, needles, fishhooks, harpoons, bows and arrows, sewn clothing, houses, carefully buried skeletons, art, hunting big prey. • Displaced or killed off Neandertals

15. Spreading Out • 40,000-30,000 years ago humans used watercraft to cross from Asia to Indonesia to Australia and New Guinea. • This time period correlates to a massive extinction of large game in those places.

16. Large Game in Eurasia • Diamond's theory is that large game survived in Eurasia because humans took a million years to develop tools and become lethal predators of large game, giving game time to adapt.

17. Spreading to the Americas • By 20,000 years ago, humans learned how to survive in Siberia. • This led to migration to Americas by 12,000 BC. • It took 1,000 years for humans to cover both N. and S. America. • Time period correlates to a massive extinction of large game in Americas: Horses, lions, elephants, cheetahs, camels, and giant ground sloths.

18. Chapter 2 A Natural Experiment of History

19. Chatham Islands In 1835, a seal hunting ship visiting the Chatham islands 500 miles off the coast of New Zealand brought the first news to New Zealand of islands where: "there is an abundance of sea and shellfish; the lakes swarm with eels; and it is a land of the karaka berry... The inhabitants are very numerous, but they do not understand how to fight, and have no weapons".

20. Chatham Islands

21. Maori of New Zealand Nine hundred of the native Maori people of New Zealand, armed with guns, arrived in the Chatham Islands announcing that the Chatham Islands people (the Moriori) were now their slaves, and killed those who objected.

22. Moriori Slaughter An eyewitness account said "The Maori commenced to kill us like sheep... We were terrified, fled to the bush, concealed ourselves in holes underground, and in any place to escape our enemies. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed -- men, women, and children indiscriminately". Maori

23. Maori Explanation A Maori conqueror explained: "We took possession...in accordance with our customs and we caught all the people. Not one escaped. Some ran away from us, these we killed, and others we killed -- but what of that? It was in accordance with our custom".

24. Natural History Experiment • This is a natural history experiment. Both the Maori and Moriori descended from the same Polynesian farmers who settled New Zealand.

25. Moriori • But the Moriori, after moving to the Chatham islands hundreds of years earlier could not farm due to the cold climate, and became hunter/gatherers. • They learned to live peacefully because their resources were so limited.

26. Maori • The New Zealand Maori • continued farming • dense populations • more complex technology and political organization • ferocious wars: • The difference was geography. • Competing agricultural societies are prone to warfare

27. Chapter 3 Collision at Cajamarca

28. Conquest of the New World • "The biggest population shift of modern times has been the colonization of the New World by Europeans, and the resulting conquest, numerical reduction, or complete disappearance of most groups of Native Americans "

29. Pizarro • The Incas were conquered by the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro.

30. Pizarro’s Forces • Pizarro had 168 soldiers. • They were in unfamiliar territory, ignorant of the local inhabitants, were 1,000 miles away from reinforcements, and were and surrounded by the Incan empire with 80,000 soldiers led by Atahuallpa.

31. Guns, Germs and Steel • Pizarro, however, had steel armor and swords, horse mounted cavalry, and guns (a minor factor).

32. Treachery • The account of the capture of Atahuallpa is one of the most difficult passages you may ever read, due to the treachery employed by Pizarro, and the religious justification used. • Of course, we also know that Pizarro collected a huge ransom for Atahuallpa in gold and silver, and then killed him anyway. Inca Gold

33. Conquistadors • In addition to horses and steel, the conquistadors • Had superior ocean going ships • Had superior political organization of the European states • Carried infectious diseases that wiped out 95% of Native Americans (smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, bubonic plague) • Had superior knowledge of human behavior from thousands of years of written history.

34. Conquistadors • Pizarro got his treacherous ideas from the experience of Cortez. • The Incas knew nothing of Spaniards. Cortez and Montezuma

35. Why not the other way? • Still, why was it that the Europeans had all of the advantages instead of the Incas? Why didn't the Incas invent guns and steel swords, have horses, or bear deadly diseases? Inca Inca Warrior

36. Food Production • Why did food production not evolve in large, geographically suitable areas of the globe? • Why did the dates of food production development vary so widely? • Were the humans different, or was the environment?

37. All people on earth were once hunter-gathers; why did some leave this behind and others not?

38. “Food production systems evolved as a result of the accumulation of many separate decisions about allocating time and effort” (Diamond). • Food production developed as a way to provide the most calories (particularly of protein) with the least amount of effort.

39. The major significance of evolving into food production was to free up time so that certain tribal members could become SPECIALISTS: weapon makers, container makers, tribal leaders, medicine men, etc.

40. In cultures that evolved food production, the major factors contributing were: • Decline in the availability of wild foods • Increased availability of domesticable wild plants • Development of technologies for collecting, processing and storing wild foods

41. How Were Wild Plants Domesticated?

42. Selection of largest and most attractive plants • Preferential planting of “best” seeds • Favoring beneficial mutations in plants (almonds) • Selection of seeds that did not germinate simultaneously • Selection of self-pollinators

43. Problems With Food Cultivation in Much of North America • Major grain crop, corn, was very tiny, took thousands of years to evolve into modern size, not self-pollinating, and very low in protein • Wild grasses largely limited to rice which also was low in protein • Few (turkey and dog) domesticable animals to assist in production or to be eaten

44. Advantages of Western Eurasia • Largest land mass in Mediterranean climate • Great diversity of wild plants and animals • Greatest seasonal climatic variety—more annuals • 56 prize grasses

45. Range of altitudes led to staggered harvests • Less competition from hunter-gatherers

46. Why New Guineans Didn’t Develop Agriculture • No domesticable grain crops • Root crops lacking in protein • No domesticable large mammal species

47. In coastal areas, consumed fish which shows openness to new foods • In highlands, frequent protein starvation (which may have been a factor in areas where cannibalism existed)

48. Mississippi Florescence • Refers to arrival of dozens of crops from Mexico. Once introduced, they were widely cultivated. This is evidence that once crops arrived, indigenous people planted and cultivated them.

49. All of this supports Diamond’s thesis that differences in the arrival of plant production were based, not on limitations of the people but on biota.