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The Industrial Revolution. Unit 4 Chapter 22. Overview. Economic and social transformations Innovations in Manufacturing Mining Transportation Communications Led to Massive increases in production Disparity between industrialized and non-industrialized countries
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The Industrial Revolution Unit 4 Chapter 22
Overview • Economic and social transformations • Innovations in • Manufacturing • Mining • Transportation • Communications • Led to • Massive increases in production • Disparity between industrialized and non-industrialized countries • Exploitation of resources • Transformation of environment • Social exploits • Widened gap between rich and poor • Dangerous jobs for children • Unsanitary conditions
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
Preconditions • Agricultural revolution • Potato • Crops that did not deplete the soil • Enclosure Movement • Population growth • Fastest growth in the world • Because of agricultural revolution • Expansion of trade • Improved roads & canals • Expansion of cottage industries • Trade with Americas, West Africa, & India • Openness to innovation • Patent system • More fluid society
Britain’s Economic Growth • All of the preconditions led to a rising standard of living • Led the world in exports of craft goods • Largest merchant marines • Led the world in production of naval supplies, including ships
Advantages of Cottage Industries • Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes • Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor • Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself • Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth
French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Heavy debts • High unemployment soldiersreturning from the battlefronts • French businessmen were afraid to take risks
5 Innovations that Spurred Industrialization • Mass production through division of labor • Mechanization • Increase in manufacture of iron • Steam engine • Electric telegraph Interestingly enough, China had the first three by 1200!
Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor] • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets] • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute
Government Response • Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain] • Sadler Commissionto look intoworking conditions • Factory Act[1833] – child labor • New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief • Reform Bill[1832] – broadens thevote for the cities
By 1850: Zones of Industrializationon the European Continent • Northeast France • Belgium • The Netherlands • Western German states • Northern Italy • East Germany Saxony
