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Basic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry. Chapter 2. Matter-. Has mass, occupies space Ex) rocks, water, people, air Mass-a measure of matter (weight measures only gravity). Atom-. Basic unit of matter Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements-. All the different atoms

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Basic Chemistry

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  1. Basic Chemistry Chapter 2

  2. Matter- • Has mass, occupies space • Ex) rocks, water, people, air • Mass-a measure of matter (weight measures only gravity)

  3. Atom- • Basic unit of matter • Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons

  4. Elements- • All the different atoms • In a neutral atom, the # of electrons = the # of protons http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/

  5. Compounds • 2 or more elements joined by bonds • Ex) H2O • 2 types of bonds: • Ionic-electrons are transferred • Covalent-electrons are shared

  6. Mixtures- • Combined substances, no bonds • 3 types • Solution • Suspension • Colloid

  7. Solutions- • Ex) Kool-aid • One part is dissolved in another • Solute-mix and sugar • Solvent-water • Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent

  8. Suspensions- • Particles settle over time • Ex) Italian dressing, sand in water

  9. Colloid- • Particles do not settle over time • Ex) ameba’s cytoplasm

  10. Acids vs Bases • The pH scale measures whether a mixture is acidic or basic. • 0-6 is an acidic solution • 7 is a neutral solution • 8-14 is a basic solution • Indicators are used to test pH.

  11. Common acids and bases • The pH of a cell or its environment must be in a suitable range for life to be sustained.

  12. Ch 2 Group Questions • 1. State how mass and weight differ. • 2. Draw an atom of oxygen. Include the correct # of protons, neutrons, and electrons. • 3. Draw the corresponding square of the periodic table for the element oxygen. Label each of the numbers. • 4. Sketch a model of the pH scale. Label what values represent neutral, basic, and acidic.

  13. Biochemistry Ch 2 con’t

  14. Organic Contains carbon are derived from living things Ex)carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, alcohol Inorganic Generally derived from non-living things Anything without carbon Ex) water Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

  15. Monomer A single unit One A building block Polymer A chain of linked units many several monomers Large polymers are also called macromolecules Monomer vs Polymer

  16. 4 essential organic macromolecules

  17. 1. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 • Monosaccharides=simple sugars • Ex) glucose • Disaccharides=double sugars • Ex) Glucose + galactose = lactose • Polysaccharides=complex sugars (starches) • Ex) glycogen, starch, cellulose

  18. Monomer is to polymer as monosaccharide (simple sugar) is to polysaccharide (starch)

  19. 2. Lipids • Made of lots of hydrogen and carbon and just a little oxygen • Monomers are called fatty acids • They do not dissolve in water! • Therefore they are good components of cell membranes

  20. 3 types of lipids: • Triglycerides • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steriods

  21. Fatty acid is to lipid as monomer is to polymer.

  22. 3. Proteins • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN • Monomers are called amino acids • Skin and muscle cells are made of proteins

  23. Enzymes-an important protein • Enzymes are catalysts-they speed up reaction times • Enzymes react with a certain substrate like a lock and key • Enzymes require certain temperatures and pH to be most effective

  24. Amino acid is to protein as monomer is to polymer

  25. 4. Nucleic Acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Monomers are called nucleotides • Very complex molecules responsible for all hereditary information • Ex) DNA and RNA

  26. Each nucleotide contains: • A phosphate group • A sugar molecule with 5 carbon atoms • A nitrogen containing base

  27. Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as monomers are to polymers.

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