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Basic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life. Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions: CO, CO 2 Tend to be smaller , simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water), NH 3 (ammonia) Organic Compounds Contain carbon Relatively larger molecules

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Basic Chemistry

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  1. Basic Chemistry

  2. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life • Inorganic Compounds • Do not contain carbon • Exceptions: CO, CO2 • Tend to be smaller, simpler compounds • Example: H2O (water), NH3 (ammonia) • Organic Compounds • Contain carbon • Relatively larger molecules • Covalently bonded, so are easier to break down • Example: C6H12O6 (glucose), Fats, Lipids, Proteins, DNA

  3. Important Inorganic Compounds • Water • Most abundant inorganic compound • Vital Properties of Water • High heat capacity – absorbs & releases heat before its temperature changes appreciably; helps prevent sudden changes in body temperature • Polarity/solvent properties – universal solvent; dissolves salts, acids & bases, transports gases & wastes, lubricates joints • Chemical reactivity - hydrolysis: breakdown nutrients with water • Cushioning – Major component of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) & amniotic fluid

  4. Important Inorganic Compounds • Salts • Ionic compounds made of cations & anions other than H+ or OH- • Polarity of water allows salts to dissociate into ions • Vital to many body functions – • Na+ & K+ for nerve impulses, carriers across cell membranes • Ca+2 & P-3 in bones and teeth • Fe+2 and Fe+3 for hemoglobin of rbcs • Include electrolytes (charged particles) which conduct electrical currents

  5. Important Inorganic Compounds • Acids • Release hydrogen ions (H+) • Are “proton donors” • Sour taste • Example: HCl → H+ + Cl- • Bases • Release hydroxyl ions (OH–) • Are “proton acceptors” • Bitter taste, slippery • Example: NaOH → Na+ + OH-

  6. Combining Acids + Bases… • Neutralization Reaction • Acids and bases always react to form water and a salt • NaOH + HCl→ H2O +NaCl

  7. pH: Acid-Base Concentrations • Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/Liter • pH 7 = neutral • pH below 7 = acidic • pH above 7 = basic • Buffers—weak acids & bases that absorbexcess H + or OH- to maintain blood pH of 7.4 • TPS: Checkpoint ?s Figure 2.12

  8. Organic Compounds • Large carbon based molecules containing small, reactive areas known as functional groups • Often are polymers (poly = many)…long chains of repeating units called monomers (mono = one) • Monomers connect by dehydration synthesis (de-hydra-tion = remove-water-having to do with) (synthesis = to put together)

  9. Important Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Include sugars and starches • CHO ratio of approximately 1:2:1 • Classified according to size • Monosaccharides—simple, individual sugar units • Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

  10. Carbohydrates • Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis • Sucrose (glucose + fructose) • Lactose (glucose + galactose) • Maltose (glucose + glucose)

  11. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides—long, branching chains of linked simple sugars • Starch • Glycogen • Carbohydrates – source of food energy; produced through photosynthesis C6H12O6 + 6 O2→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

  12. Important Organic Compounds • Lipids • Also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen • Insoluble in water • Obtained from fats in diet - • Marbled meats, egg yolks, oils • Solids – animal fat, saturated, C-C, “bad fats” --clog arteries over time • Liquid – plant oils, unsaturated, C=C, “healthier fats”

  13. Lipids • Common Lipids in the Human Body… • Neutral fats (triglycerides) • Found in fat deposits • Composed of fatty acids and glycerol • Source of stored energy in the body PLAY Lipids

  14. Lipids Reaction type? Figure 2.15a

  15. Lipids • Common lipids in the human body … • Phospholipids • Form cell membranes • Steroids • Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones • Cholesterol found in: • Cell membranes • Brain • Used for vitamin D synthesis • Used for synthesis of sex hormones

  16. Lipids Saturated or unsaturated? Figure 2.15b

  17. Lipids • Cholesterol • The basisfor all steroids made in the body Carbon atom ribose glucose TPS: Checkpoint ? Double bond Figure 2.15c

  18. Important Organic Compounds • Proteins • Made of amino acids • Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Figure 2.16

  19. Proteins • General amino acid structure • Contain an amino group (NH2) • Contain an acid group (C=O-OH) • Vary only by R groups, which are made of various carbon chains

  20. Proteins • Classification of proteins… • Polypeptides: < 50 amino acids • Proteins:> 50 amino acids • Various combinations of the 20 different amino acids form all proteins • Account for over half of the body’s organic matter • Provide for construction materials for body tissues • Play a vital role in cell function • Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

  21. Protein Types • Fibrous proteins • Also known as structural proteins • Appear in body structures…ear, nose, etc. • Examples: collagen(bones, cartilage, tendons) & keratin (hair, nails, skin) • Extremely stable—difficult to break down chemically Figure 2.17a

  22. Protein Types • Globular proteins • Also known as functional proteins • Function as antibodies, hormones or enzymes • Examples: Insulin, Hemoglobin • Can be denatured—broken down by changes in temp, pH, chemicals., etc. Figure 2.17b

  23. Enzymes • Act as biological catalysts • Increase the rate of chemical reactions • Don’t change, are reusable and are very specific • Names end in suffix -ase Figure 2.18a

  24. Important Organic Compounds • Nucleic Acids • Made of C, H, O, N & P • Provide blueprint of life • Made of Nucleotides • Nitrogen base • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate Figure 2.19a

  25. Nitrogen Bases: A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil (only found in RNA) • Nucleotides combine to make DNA and RNA

  26. Nucleic Acids • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix • Replicates before cell division • Provides instructions for every protein in the body Figure 2.19c

  27. DNA • Double-stranded • Nitrogen bases = A,T,C,G • Sugar = Deoxyribose • RNA • Single-stranded • Nitrogen bases = A,U,C,G • Sugar = ribose

  28. Important Organic Compounds • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Chemical energy used by all cells • Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond • ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels • ATP nucleotide components: • Adenine • Ribose • 3 phosphate groups

  29. Release of ATP Energy Note that Hydrolysis is the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis

  30. Uses of ATP Energy

  31. Uses of ATP Energy

  32. Uses of ATP Energy

  33. Energy released during cellularoxidation of food is then used to regenerate ATP from ADP + P… Uses of ATP … Chemical Transport Mechanical Figure 2.21

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