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Basic chemistry

Basic chemistry. Atoms to Organisms. Section 1 Vocabulary:9 words. atom ( Proton, neutron, electron), element, isotope, compound, covalent bond, molecule, ion, ionic bond, Vander Waals forces. WHAT IS MATTER?. Anything that has mass and volume!. ATOMS AND ELEMENTS.

cameron-glenn
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Basic chemistry

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  1. Basic chemistry • Atoms to Organisms

  2. Section 1 Vocabulary:9 words • atom ( Proton, neutron, electron), • element, • isotope, • compound, • covalent bond, • molecule, • ion, • ionic bond, • Vander Waals forces.

  3. WHAT IS MATTER? Anything that has mass and volume!

  4. ATOMS AND ELEMENTS 1. ATOMS: make up elements, they are the smallest part of an element that still has all of the properties of the element. 2. ELEMENT: a substance that can not be broken into simpler substances.

  5. Model of an Atom • Moving charged particles • Protons + • Neutrons 0 • Electrons – • Most of the volume is empty space!

  6. ELECTRONS ARE IMPORTANT!

  7. Electron spend their time in areas around the nucleus. • Each area or orbital hold a certain number of electrons.

  8. The first orbital for electrons holds 2 • The next level holds 8 • The electrons are in pairs!!!

  9. They fill the open spaces one at a time

  10. BONDING • This leaves one electron with out a partner • This electron will be more stable with another electron in the orbital with it. The atom is likely to bond with an atom that has one extra electron.

  11. ATOMIC NUMBERis the number of protons in an atom # protons

  12. ELECTRONS ARE LIGHT! • PROTONS ARE HEAVY • NEUTRONS ARE HEAVY

  13. SO……… The mass of an atom is made up of the protons and neutrons!

  14. ATOMIC MASS • The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. • How many neutrons? • Subtract the atomic number from the mass number! 19atomic number Example: K symbol Potassium name 39.098 Atomic mass

  15. 19 atomic number= # P = # E K symbol Potassium name 39.098 Atomic mass= P + N Protons = 19 Electrons =19 Neutrons =20

  16. # NEUTRONS 39 - 19 20 NEUTRONS

  17. How many electrons? • The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons unless the atom has a charge! • 10 p+ = 10 e - neutral • 10 p + 9 e - positive 1 charge +1 • 10 p + 11 e - negative 1 charge -1

  18. 3. isotopes

  19. WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT ISOTOPES? THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS OR ATOMIC MASS

  20. 4. COMPOUNDS • A SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED.

  21. 5. Covalent Bonds • Sharing of electrons to make both atoms have a complete set of orbitals I could use one more electron I just need 2 more and I will be perfect! ME too!

  22. 6. molecule, • When 2 or more atoms are combined with chemical bonds a molecule is formed.

  23. 7. ion, • An atom that gains or loses an electron and therefore has a charge. + -

  24. 8. Ionic Bonds • ELECTRIC ATTRACTION!!!!! + - • NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE! • IONS HAVE A CHARGE- • AN EXTRA ELECTRON (-) • MISSING ELECTRON (+)

  25. Ionic- donation!!! Needs one + 1 charge One spare. -1 charge

  26. Sodium chloride • An example of an ionically bonded molecule

  27. Let’s share!!!!!!!! Now we all are happy!!!

  28. 9. Vander Waals forces. When molecules come close together and positive and negative regions are attracted the forces of those attractions are called van der Waals forces. • Notes: the strength depends on the size and shape of the molecules. They are not as strong as covalent and ionic bonds. • They are important to biological processes! • Water is an example of a substance with van der Waals forces!

  29. Water Hydrogen bond

  30. Surface Tension • Water to Water bonds

  31. cohesion • Water to water • Adhesion: water to something else

  32. meniscus

  33. Capillary Action • Water “pulls” itself up a tube by its adhesion to the sides of the tube

  34. pH • A measure of hydrogen ion concentration • Scale 1- 14 • 1-6 acid • 7 neutral • 8-14 base

  35. pH paper • Measure by a color change

  36. pH activity • Make a data chart of the items to be tested • Test the pH and record the number

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