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GENDERWISE

TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE. Women and men time use in Turin Luca Palese – Time and Motion Department – Turin Municipality The daily mothers’ experience Gaudenzia Caselli – La Cicogna Association. GENDERWISE. Gender Equality in the workplace.

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GENDERWISE

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  1. TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE Women and men time use in Turin Luca Palese – Time and Motion Department – Turin Municipality The daily mothers’ experience Gaudenzia Caselli – La Cicogna Association GENDERWISE Gender Equality in the workplace 2st Trasnational Workshop Enna 6-7 October 2006

  2. TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE: Women and men time use in Turin Luca Palese – Time and Motion Department – Turin Municipality

  3. Time and Motion Department • 1994: Time and Motion Office • 2001: Territorial plan of the times of the city • 2002-2003: Istat research “Time Use”

  4. “Time Use” research • Istat - april 2002 / march 2003 • Turin and metropolitan area: sample of 1830 families, 4500 people • Turin is the only italian city having datas about citizenstime use • Comparisons between Turin and: - Europe - Italy - Turin in 1979

  5. Time Use - aims • To understand citizens and family daily life organization (time balances) • To point out critical aspects • To contribute to the definition of more appropriate public policies, meeting citizens needs

  6. Time Use - instruments • Daily diary (time budget) with recordings every 10 minutes • Weekly diary of work activities • Individual questionnaire

  7. Time use in Italy and Europe Women in Italy are the most weighed down with family work, in Sweden women are those who devote less time to family work Source: Eurostat Time Use Time devoted to work (paid and family) – female population - 20-74 years old per type of work and country

  8. Time use in Italy and Europe Italian men devote less time (compared with men in other countries) and more time to paid work: the breadwinner role is emphasized Source: Eurostat Time Use Time devoted to work (paid and family) - male population - 20-74 years old per country (mean in hours and minutes)

  9. Daily time use in Turin - male and female workers – 25-54 years old (2002/03)A high gender asymmetry

  10. Turin 1979 – 2002/03A little revolution in daily life organization (active population 24 – 64 years old) • The total sample: time of paid work is steady. Time of reproduction is reduced of about 1 hour (from 4:13 to 3:15). The reduction is mostly relative to houseworks (from 3:12 to 2:11) • Women: paid work is increased of about 1 hour; family work goes from 6:53 to 4:41, whereas child care is increased • Men: their participation to family work is increased, but in a small degree: from 1:15 to 1:46 • Spare time is strongly reduced for everybody

  11. Time Use –TurinDaily time devoted totransfers is relevant and tends to increase Turin: 1979 - 2002/03 • from 1h12' to 1h35' • from 58' to 1h29' for women

  12. The number of services supporting the family and the timetables of public services are not appropriate to the question of conciliation Have you any difficulties to conciliate your work time with …? (Time Use - Turin)

  13. Critical points From the time organizations point of view we found two critical age groups: • family with women of 25-44 years old - the time of family formation • family with women of 45-64 years old – often sons are still at home but new needs of care begins to come out from the family network

  14. Bearable balances? • “Dual worker” families (prevailing in Turin) have a instable time–balance • The system works well thanks to a great number of services, but it is not sufficient • Expecially thanks to family networks (grandparents), a resource not more available for the next generation • In the middle-term, the system is unbalanced

  15. TIME USE – Turin 2002/2003 Time use of couples (with women of 25-44 years old, workers or housewives) per main daily activities

  16. TIME USE – Turin 2002/2003Daily activities of couples (25 - 44 years old) per gender and type of couple. Fonte: TIME USE - ISTAT

  17. TIME USE Comparison between: Italy 1988/89 – Italy 2002/03 – Turin 2002/03.Family work activities - Fathers, 25 - 44 years old, with at least one child 0-13 years old per type of activity. Fonte: TIME USE - ISTAT

  18. TIME USE – Turin 2002/2003Child care activities – couples with woman 25 – 44 years old

  19. Change stimulus • Service policy for the family • Reform of work timetables (personalization, family friendly flexibility) • Cultural change: a new men’s role, care rights

  20. TIMES AND PLACES OF CARE: The Daily mothers’ experience - an alternative way of nursing - Gaudenzia Caselli – La Cicogna Association

  21. Associazione LA CICOGNA • Aims: • To improve quality of life from childhood to adulthood • To support mothers and children paying attention to the freedom of choice and the needs of both • To prevent psychological problems or risky behaviours in second childhood and in adolescence • To promote, in parents, role and educational functions consciousness, child care skills • To promote self-help networks formation between women, men, families different in age and culture

  22. Associazione LA CICOGNA • Projects: • Accompanying to birth • Assistance to active birth in hospital and at home • Promotion of healthy behaviours • Promotion of breast-feeding • Promotion of self-help networks • Support to parenthood • Micro-nurseries

  23. The Daily mothers’ project • The history • 1996: Self-help network • Project “Daily mothers” • 1999-2001: Law 285/97 • Support from the municipality • 24 micro-nurseries - 90 children • Difficulties in mantaining a voluntary engagement • 2004: Transformation of voluntary engagement in a “work” form • 2005: Collaborations in a network with other associations and the territory

  24. The Daily mothers’ project • - A nursery form for children of 3 – 36 months • - A mother’s home • 5 hours a day, small group (maximum 4 children) • ADVANTAGES FOR THE CHILD: • A more familiar and comprehensible place • Small group • Less intrusive stimulus • Respect of personal times in discovering activities • Limited time, more tolerable • Relationship more adjusted on child needs • More parents involvement • ADVANTAGES FOR THE DAILY MOTHER: • Possibility to work without leaving her child • To create new relationships with other parents • To be part of a self-help network

  25. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness Elena – promoter and co-ordinator of the project Mother of three children, psychologist Subjects of the interview: A. The men’s role in the promotion and maintenance of the network B. The men’s role in supporting the family micro-nursery C. Which forms of participation of men?

  26. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness Promoting networks Emotional support to women Advantages for men: - improvement in the couple relationship and in the family atmosphere - opportunities to meet other men with similar problems and needs - opportunities to participate actively

  27. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness The men’s role in promoting a family micro-nursery Advantages: - to meet other fathers and parents - opportunities to exchange experiences and difficulties - opportunities to give and to receive help Disadvantages: - spare and personal times and places are reduced - collaboration in the management of the house - to share places with the children of the micro-nursery

  28. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness Some examples of man’s participation: “Sometimes he had to sleep during the hours of the micro-nursery opening ... During the micro-nursery activities he played with children, so as he usually did with his own children, sometimes he made little house repairings … Children loved him, asked of him when he was not there. Often he stayed with us during lunch time. Although he had a little presence, he had an important role of help and support. He was very pleased and happy to participate.”

  29. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness Role confusion: “The work of the daily mother is often confused with a non-work, something very similar to the normal house management usually undertook by woman. House work is usually seen as a woman task. During the micro-nursery activities you could do some little house work, but, since they have an educational aim, not always they can be concluded. Often, when children go home, you have lot of things to do and a great tiredness. Sometimes men help the daily mothers, but more often they think it is a woman task, their job ...”

  30. The Daily mothers’ : a woman’ s witness Forms of participation ot the other fathers: - In general, there has been a good participation - In some cases, the total absence of the father - Micro-nursery as a good meeting and supporting place for separated fathers

  31. FAMILY MODELS Breadwinner Caregiver Personal sphere Breadwinner Caregiver Personal sphere 1 2 Breadwinner Caregiver Personal sphere Breadwinner Caregiver Personal sphere 3 4

  32. To get nourishment To get care To play and to learn 5

  33. Some considerations • It is very important to get a good quality of care and a good resources distribution. • This is possible optimizing resources through the functions integration • The three stages of the association: • Aggregation (meeting, exchange, objectives) • Immediate responses to emerging needs (little projects, spontaneous initiatives) • Transfomation of good ideas and voluntary commitment in more stable forms of work/service

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