Mass Society and Democracy

1. Mass Society and Democracy Ch. 20 JAZZ the Text- 615

2. 2nd Industrial Revolution • Massive growth in the new industries of steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum • New Products: • Steel – transition from iron to steel which was lighter, stronger, longer-lasting. • Andrew Carnegie

3. Electricity- Thomas Edison • Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell • Guglielmo Marconi • First radio wave across the Atlantic Ocean

4. New Patterns In Industry • Number of manufactured goods was on the rise • Europe was split into 2 economic zones: • Industrialized: Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy • modern living, modern transportation • Agricultural: Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, Russia • Rural living, provided raw materials for industrial countries

5. Organizing the Working Class • Marx’s Theory • Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels • Communism • There is a “history of class struggle” • “Bourgeosie”- middle class • These are the “oppressors” • “Proletariat”- working class • These are the “oppressed” • Dictatorship-

6. Marx hoped for an overthrow of the capitalist system and the creation of “classless society” • Marxism worked its way into governments in Europe and fought for reforms and the “working class’” rights • Trade Unions- • Strikes –work stoppage called by members of the union to pressure an employer into meeting the worker’s demands

7. The Emergence of Mass Society • More and more people began to move to the cities • Between 1800 and 1900, London grew from 1 million people to 6.5 million people • Urban development lead to reforms in living conditions, medical facilities, quality housing, safety, etc…

8. Social Structure • Wealthy elite- aristocrats, bankers, merchants • top 5% of population controlled about 40% of overall wealth • Most were leaders in government or military • Middle class- believed in hardwork, equality for everyone, regular church attendance, good morality, and manners • Upper middle class-- lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects, etc.. • Lower middle class – shopkeepers, traders, prosperous peasonts

9. Working classes- made up 80% of the European population • Peasants, farmers, sharecroppers, unskilled laborers • Reforms led to 10 hour work days, and Saturdays off

10. The Experiences of Women • Women were mainly defined by their family or household roles in the early 1800s • The industrial revolution opened the door for new jobs and opportunities for women. • Sales clerks, secretaries, retail shops, government phone operators, education, medical fields, etc..

11. Marriage and Family: • “Man for the field and woman for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the head and woman with the heart: Man to command and woman to obey…” --- The Princess by Lord Tennyson • This traditional view of women and their roles would begin to change throughout the 19th century

12. Birthrate began to decline. • This is the most significant change to the modern family • This is from improved economic situations and the use of birth control • Feminism- movement for women’s rights • Women won the right to own property in 1870

13. Amalie Sieveking – female German nursing pioneer • Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War and Clara Barton (Red Cross) in the US Civil War transformed nursing into a profession of trained middle-class women. Nightingale Barton Red Cross Nurse

14. Movement for Women’s rights • The right to vote- • Emmeline Pankhurst founded “The Women’s Social and Political Union” • Used violent methods to get the attention of elected officials • It wasn’t until after WW1 that the woman’s right to vote was widespread.

15. Education reforms • Late 1800s many governments began to set up state-funded primary schools • The need for skilled and trained laborers drove this reform • The right to vote also was met with the need for the better educated voter. • Literacy – “ability to read” rates rose dramatically

16. Newspapers – relayed information to the public • Millions sold each day in London during late 1800s • Leisure- • Amusement parks • Athletic games • Dance halls

17. 615- Cause and effect • 619- Compare and Contrast • 621- Summary of Information • 628- Urban Reforms

18. The National State and Democracy • Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject and Tone- pg. 629 • By the late 1800s many European states were establishing constitutions/parliaments/ individual liberties. • Great Britain • Saw progress in social reforms such as benefits for workers, voting for all males over 21 and women over 30.

19. France: • After Napoleon, they established a democracy • Ministerial responsibility- idea that the prime minister is responsible to the legislative body and not the executive officer. (crucial for democracy) • Italy • Corruption and weakness plagued this democracy • Universal Male suffrage granted in 1912

20. Central and Eastern Europe nations pursued different policies than those in Western Europe • Germany • Otto Van Bismarck- created a 2 house legislature • However, ministers in government answered to the emperor and not to the people. • William II – built the strongest military and industrial country in Europe. • Used expansion outside their borders to increase profits and destract people from pursuing a democracy • Austria-Hungary • Francis Joseph- emperor. He ignored the parliamentary system

21. Russia • Nicholas II – tried to keep the absolute power of the czars • Socialist parties began to grow enough to cause a Revolution of 1905 against the Czar regimes • St. Petersburg – “Bloody Sunday” – • when Czarist troops open fired on peaceful demonstrations. • Workers went on strike and forced Nicholas II to grant civil liberties • Created a legislative assembly called the “Duma”

22. United States • Between 1860-1914, there was a shift from an agrarian society to an industrial nation • Massive immigration happened between 1870-1900. • 11 million people immigrate to the US • Many worked in unsafe factory conditions and were under-paid.

23. Expansion of the United States • Bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Annexed Hawaii in 1898 from Queen Liliuokalani • Defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

24. Canada • Under Wilfred Laurier (first French-Canadian Prime Minister) industrialization boomed and immigration boomed to populate Canada’s territories. • Between 1870 and 1900, Germany continually divided Europe because its aggressive foreign policy. • Two sides started to shape setting the stage for WW1 • Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. • Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, and Russia. • Two Balkan wars raised tensions in Southern Europe

25. Toward the Modern Consciousness • Science • Newton’s view of the world was questioned • Marie Curie- discovered radium that gave off energy from atom itself. • Atoms were small active worlds not just hard bodies. • Albert Einstein- • Theory of relativity- neither space nor time had an existence independent of human experience. • Matter is nothing but another form of energy. • Study of the atom brings about the Atomic Age.

26. Sigmund Freud • Proposed theories that raised questions about the human mind • Believed that hidden feelings based on past negative experiences continued to influence behavior (the “unconscious”) • Psychoanalysis- a way to go deep into the human memory and retrace the chain of repressed thoughts. • He believed if you could do this, you could be healed from its repressed contents

27. Social Darwinism • A belief in the “survival of the fit” became popular through Herbert Spencer. • The “strong” advanced in society, while the “weak” “declined” • They applied this to business, racial tensions, and war. • Anti-Semitism and Zionism • Anti-Semitism- hostility toward and discrimination against Jews • Pogroms – organized massacres of Jews took place throughout Russia and Eastern Europe. • Zionism- Jews dream to live and belong in Palestine.

28. Modernism in the “arts” in the late 1800s • Modernism- a rebellion against the traditional literary and artistic styles. • Literature • A shift from naturalism (writing should be realistic and address social problems) to symbolism (the external world was a collection of symbols that reflected the individual human mind) • A move from objective writing to purely symbolic writing • Art • Impressionism – artists went into the country and painted nature directly • Claude Monet- Starry Night

29. George Eastman created the first Kodak camera in 1888. • Pablo Picasso – • Created “cubism” – used geometric designs to recreate reality in the viewers mind.

30. Architecture • “functionalism” an idea that buildings should be functional and useful and all unnecessary ornamentation should be stripped away. • Frank Lloyd Wright – pioneered the architecture of the modern American house

31. Foldable Pic. W/ Each Science and Psychoanalysis Darwinism and Racism Anti-Semitism and Zionism Modernism and Abstract Art