Cleaner vehicle fleets in Central and Eastern Europe

1. Cleaner vehicle fleets inCentral and Eastern Europe • Technical Training for Fleet Managers • Thursday 18 September 2008 • Regional Environmental Center • for Central and Eastern Europe • Szentendre, Hungary

2. Agenda 18th September • 8:30 Registration of participants • 9:00 Welcome and tour de table • 9:15 Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of cleaner fleet management • 10:30 Coffee Break • 10:45 Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management toolkit • 12:30 Session 3: Group session - Learning to use the toolkit • 13:30 Lunch • 14:30 Session 4: Cleaner fleet management in practice, by Turgut Yildiz, Country general manager, TNT Express Turkey • 15:00 Session 5a: Practical session • 16:30 Coffee Break • 16:45 Session 5b: Next steps to a cleaner fleet strategy • 18:00 Close

3. Objectives & Expectations • What are yours? • Objectives UNEP for this training: • Train public and private fleet managers in the practical use and application of the Cleaner Fleet Management Toolkit within their own institution • Discuss opportunities to improve the environmental performance of your fleet • Have organizations defining building blocks that are relevant for your clean fleet strategy • Expectations • Public and private fleet managers use their fleet specific data to begin development of cleaner fleet strategies during training • Increased awareness of cleaner fleet solutions and available UNEP support in this area • Exchange of opinions and ideas from all participants as they can be useful for the other organizations as well

4. Analyze your fleet and initiate a strategy • Use or estimate your fleet data • Use the toolkit to estimate your emissions • Identify your options for improvements • What are realistic goals for your organization? • Develop a draft strategy for a cleaner fleet • Presentations of some of the draft strategies • Group discussion and analysis of strategies

5. Practical steps to take following this training • Collect fleet Data, so that you can measure improvements • Calculate or estimate your environmental Impact • Start by applying the toolkit • Search for other more accurate information sources, like vehicle handbooks, manufacturers websites, test reports, etc. • Identify your Options for improvement • Start with the options in the toolkit • Search for other options as well • Define your Clean Fleet Management Strategy • Short term strategy (incl. quick wins) • Medium term strategy • Long term strategy • Develop Indicators for monitoring • Indicators should be independent of future changes of business • The perfect baseline is seldom possible • Ensure there is high level Commitment • Start your strategy • Inform each other (and us) on your results! See the participants list for contact details.

6. Quiz Questions

7. Quiz: A new vehicle? A: Yes, if you buy unleaded fuel only, you can drive the Prius. However, as low sulfur petrol fuel is recommended (but not required), the 3 way catalytic converter –usually installed when imported second hand- will not reduce the emissions properly. Q: Is it possible to drive a Toyota Prius in Serbia (both unleaded& leaded petrol fuel available with max. 2000 ppm / 0.2% sulfur) Q: Is it possible to import the latest diesel Landcruiser in Africa? A: Yes. As all diesel emission control technologies require low or ultra low sulfur diesel, these technologies will not be installed in vehicles manufactured for Africa.

8. Sulfur Impacts on emissions control technologies • TWC = • Three Way Catalyst • DOC = • Diesel Oxidation Catalyst • SCR = • Selective Catalytic Reduction • DPF = Diesel Particulate Filter • Source: “Low-Sulphur gasoline and diesel: the key to lower vehicle emissions”, Katherine O. Blumberg, Michael P. Walsh, and Charlotte Pera, prepared by for the International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2003. http://www.theicct.org/documents/Low-Sulfur_ICCT_2003.pdf

9. Quiz: the effects of sulfur • Q: Sulphur significantly reduces the life of engines. • When the sulphur level was decreased from 10,000 ppm to • 1,000 ppm, by what percentage did the average engine life increase?

10. The effect of sulfur on engine life • A: Going from 15000 to 1000 ppm (1,5% to 0,1%) sulfur in fuel, is estimated to increase engine life by 80 to 90%.

11. Quiz: CO2 from cars Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single 1000 km trip by a new passenger car like the Opel Astra 1.6? A: Fuel consumption acc. To Ecotest: 6,99 L/100 km = 14,3 km/L So for 1000 km 69,9 L of fuel will be consumed, emitting 69,9 x 2,35 = 164 kg of CO2.

12. Quiz: CO2 from airplanes Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single flight Amsterdam-Nairobi? A: Distance: 6.877 km; Fuel consumption: 249 liter  0,625 ton CO2, plus air pollutants Source: KLM CO2 calculator

13. Quiz: Air Pollution Q: How many people die prematurely due to air pollution? A: WHO estimates 800,000 people die prematurely every year due to air pollution

14. Quiz: PCFV Logo • Q: What would you say this logo represents?

15. Quiz: Fuel Economy Q: What's the fuel economy of the new Toyota Prius (in km/L)? A: According to the New European Drive Cycle: 5,02 L/100km = 19,9 km/L A2: US New Combined Drive Cycle: 46 MPG = 19,6 km/L (19,1 on highways, 20,4 in city traffic)

16. Question A: Lead particles from Europe can still be found in Green land Q: How far does the impact of lead particles emitted by cars in Europe reach?

17. Lead particles in Greenland ice core

19. Hidden sheets • Not part of the training. • Will only be used if extra background information is needed.

20. Hybrid Electric Vehicles

21. Benefits of Hybrids • The best results are achieved when: • a large share of the traffic is urban or Stop & Go traffic, increasing the benefits of regenerative braking and • high annual mileage, reducing the payback period of the additional investment • high fuel prizes, increasing the value of the fuel saved and so reducing the pack period • used in densely populated areas, where the reduction of polluting emissions contribute to the health of a large number of people • governments have a programme supporting fuel efficient vehicles by financial or other incentives, like dedicated lanes • Typical fleets to use HEVs for: • Private and business passenger vehicles, exposed to traffic jams • City taxis • Light Duty Delivery trucks • Transit buses and School buses • Waste collection trucks

22. Total cost of ownership • Assuming fuel consumptions: • 20 km/ltr (= 0.05 ltr/km) for the hybrid • 12, 5 km/ltr for a comparable conventional car (=0.08 ltr/km), • Expected life time of 200.000 km reduction of fuel consumption will be 6000 litres.

23. Some hybrid models • Source: • HybridCenter.org

24. Hybrid busses: Connecticut Department of Transportation • Compared four different state of the art busses with its fleet averages (Foyd 2005): • a. clean-diesel buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel (Sulphur level < 500 ppm) • b. clean-diesel buses operated on ultra-low-sulfur-diesel (ULSD) fuel (,15 ppm) and fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPF) • c. hybrid buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel, • d. hybrid buses operated on ULSD fuel and fitted with DPF

25. NY city bus project NYC Transit PM and NOx Emissions 1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005 1995: 500 ppm, no DOC 2000: 500 ppm, DOC, approx. 1000 new vehicles 2005: 30 ppm, DPFs, 3200 new vehicles

26. Hybrid Bus Experiences

27. Examples of Passenger cars fleets • Vancouver Hybrid • Taxi Fleet • NY will have their taxis • all hybrid by 2012 • London: Congestion charge not to be paid by hybrid taxis

28. Filling in the fleet inventory • Fill in the numbers of vehicles, the kms driven, and the fuel consumption. If you don’t have exact numbers then a good estimate will be enough. • If you don’t know your vehicles EMISSION STANDARD according to the Euro standard then use the text below to approximate with the age of the vehicle. • Most developing countries in Africa and parts of Asia rely on a mix of imported vehicles and locally assembled vehicles. • Locally assembled are usually pre-Euro or Euro I standard due to lack of national emission standards. • Imported vehicles have the standard from the country they were imported. Emission standards in Asia are generally lagging behind EU, US and Japanese standards with 10 years (except China catching up). However, even if imported with a high emission standard, this standard soon deteriorates due to lack of effective I&M programmes and high sulfur levels in diesel. Anything beyond Euro I requires <500 ppm of sulfur in diesel which is currently not available in many developing countries (2000 up to 7000 ppm). • Examples: • 1. Any vehicle bought and driven in an EU country year 2000 = Euro III • 2. An truck assembled in Kenya the year 2000 = Euro I • 3. Any truck made in EU year 2000 and imported to Kenya = Euro I due to high sulphur levels in diesel

29. EURO emission standards • Simplified charts showing • the progression of European • emission standards for Petrol () and Diesel cars. • NOx • Particulate Matter • Note that until Euro 5, • there were no PM limits • for petrol vehicles. • Note that until Euro 5, • there were no PM limits • for petrol vehicles.

30. Emissions Improvement:Old and New Land Cruiser

31. Information from: US EPA’s green vehicle guide www.epa.gov/greenvehicles FIA’s Ecotest www.ecotest.eu Toyota Land Cruiser

32. Leaded Petrol: North Korea Myanmar Yemen Dual system: Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Serbia Tajikistan Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Uzbekistan Afghanistan Algeria Iraq Morocco Tunisia Unleaded only: All other countries Fuel QualitiesLead/Unleaded Petrol Fuel • Source: www.unep.org/pcfv

33. Fuel Quality: Diesel sulfur levels

34. Aggregated Fleet Data from WFP Country Offices • 31 countries (=36% of 86 countries with SIS) • 1362 vehicles (=66% of 2058 vehicles under SIS) • 472 motorcycles (=68% of 687 motorcycles under SIS)  Data coverage is 2/3 • Assuming the other 55 countries have similar fleets and fleets usage, one can estimate the emissions of the whole SIS insured WFP Fleet, by multiplying these numbers with 1,5, e.g. • Fuel consumption = 6,7 mln ltr x 1,5 = 10 mln ltr/yr • Total mileage = 28 mln x 1,5 = 42 mln kms/yr

35. Estimation of WFP emissions • Using the factor 1,5 for the whole WFP fleet • assuming an average diesel content of 5000 ppm and • assuming all data is correct (!) • The toolkit gives the following indicative emissions: • CO2 24000 ton • PM10 10 ton • SOx 9 ton • NOx 130 ton • VOC 110 ton • CO 330 ton • Is that much? • What to do now?

36. First recommendations for WFP and IFRC • Short term • Start promoting Eco-driving: • Send all drivers to a clean driving training • Refresh bi-annually • Monitor the fuel economy per vehicle • Consider the environmental impact (both CO2 and Air pollution) when choosing new vehicles (SUN project!) • Define a pilot project with Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles • Medium term • No 4WD vehicles in city traffic • Move pre-euro vehicles to high-sulfur countries, enabling to clean the fleet in low-sulfur countries • Manual transmission vehicles only • Use or import Low Sulfur diesel where possible • Long term • Change all trucks to Euro 3 or higher where possible • Change all motorcycles to 4 strokes

37. Cleaner vehicle fleets inCentral and Eastern Europe • Training for REC Country Offices • Friday 19 September 2008 • Regional Environmental Center for • Central and Eastern Europe • Szentendre, Hungary

38. Agenda 19th September • 8:30 Registration of participants • 9:00 Welcome and tour de table • 9:15 Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of cleaner fleet management • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) cooperation on cleaner fuels and vehicles • Transport and the environment: energy, air quality and climate change • Cleaner, more efficient vehicles – the role of fleets and fleet managers • 10:30 Coffee Break • 10:45 Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management toolkit • Overview at purpose and function of the toolkit • In-depth look at the tools available • Understanding the ‘Inventory and Options Tool #18’ • 13:00 Lunch • 14:00 Session 3: The toolkit in practice • The experience of TNT Turkey, by Turgut Yildiz, Country General Manager, TNT Express Turkey • Development of cleaner fleet strategies • 15:00 Coffee Break • 15:15 Session 4: Applying the toolkit in your country programmes • Discussion – targeting fleets and fleet managers • UNEP and REC support • 17:00 Close