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Results II (Figures) Numbers & Statistics Forestry 545 March 4 2014

Results II (Figures) Numbers & Statistics Forestry 545 March 4 2014. Dr Sue Watts Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada sue.watts@ubc.ca. General manuscript format. Title Authors Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion

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Results II (Figures) Numbers & Statistics Forestry 545 March 4 2014

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  1. Results II (Figures)Numbers & Statistics Forestry 545 March 4 2014 Dr Sue WattsFaculty of ForestryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada sue.watts@ubc.ca

  2. General manuscript format • Title • Authors • Abstract • Introduction • Materials & Methods • Results • Discussion • References

  3. Illustrations = Tables & Figures

  4. Figures • Photographs • Drawings • Gazintas • Algorithms • Maps • Line graphs • Bar graphs • Pie charts • Pictographs

  5. Figures • As with tables, figures should be independent and indispensable • Good visual material will spark reader interest • Interested readers will look to the text for answers

  6. Figures • Need to be attractive but not glitzy • Watch out for size and scale (reduction may accentuate some flaws) • After reduction to publication size capital letters should be about 2 mm high • X and Y axis lines should be no wider than lettering

  7. 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 Avoid chart junk Local index Local index 0 0 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 Year Year Katz 2008

  8. Figure captions • Reader looks at figures then legends • Title should explain meaning without need to read manuscript • Does not need to be a complete sentence • Like table title, usually in two parts • Descriptive title • Essential details

  9. Figure captions • Captions for figures go below figure • In a manuscript, figure captions are placed on a separate sheet • How could you improve this caption and graph? Cumulative weeks to delivery of the women in group A (n =78) and group B (n = 78) Gustavii 2002

  10. Improved caption & graph Gestational duration did not differ between the treated women and control Gustavii 2002

  11. Figures • Photograph– used for documentary illustration • Drawing • Gazinta • Algorithm • Map • Line graph • Bar graph • Pie chart • Pictograph

  12. Photograph • Value to article can range from Ø to more valuable than any text! • If you need a photo, pick a journal that produces high quality reproduction • Crop or mark with arrows to highlight important detail

  13. animals.nationalgeographic.com

  14. mnn.com

  15. amazingdata.com

  16. Figures • Photograph • Drawing • Gazinta • Algorithm • Map – all used as explanatory artwork • Line graph • Bar graph • Pie chart • Pictograph

  17. Drawing Can show perspective and detail (insides, layers) not possible with a photograph

  18. Drawing allows control of detail Jamie Myers

  19. Gazinta Visuals that show hierarchy, organization or interaction • Treegazintas show sub-assemblies of the same relative importance • Block diagrams are interaction gazintas

  20. “Gazinta” (organization tree) ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LABORATORY TRANSMISSION EM SCANNING EM IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNICAL PERSONNEL SAMPLE SECTIONING SAMPLE STAINING A Typical drawing tree gazinta describes a relatively stable situation. Mathews and Mathews 2008

  21. Algorithm • Flowcharts & taxonomic keys • Algorithms are illustrations of a means of making a decision by considering only those factors relevant to that decision • Algorithms are usually easier to follow than the written text equivalent

  22. Flow chart algorithm About to receive a heartworm preventative for the first time… On a monthly macrolide heartworm preventative... Resuming a daily DEC preventative for the coming HW season… History and heartworm status unknown… WE NEED ANTIGEN TESTING PERFORM A HEARTWORM ANTIGEN TEST Is test positive? Is test negative? yes yes no yes Has dog been on a monthly heartworm preventative? Is there any history or clinical evidence to suggest heartworm infection? Examine blood with a Knotts or Filter test yes Are microfilariae present? no yes Suspect lapse in protection no no Dog is free from heartworm infection. May begin preventative regimen D. reconditum What kind? D. immitis Is there any history or clinical evidence to suggest heartworm infection? Dog has a heartworm infection. Evaluate extent of disease. Determine treatment protocol. Regard antigen test as false negative. no yes Suspect error in testing procedure. Repeat antigen test Begin further diagnostic procedures. yes Negative or uncertain results - retest Positive retest Retest in 3-6 months or contact test manufacturer for consultation no Is infection confirmed? Mathews and Mathews 2008

  23. Map

  24. Figures • Photograph • Drawing • Gazinta • Algorithm • Map • Line graph • Bar graph • Histogram • Pie chart • Pictograph – all used to promote understanding of numerical results

  25. Line graph Graphs are a good choice when you think that a relationship is more important to the reader than the actual numbers

  26. Line graph • Line graphs, scatter graphs, bar graphs, histograms, pies and pictographs are used to promote understandingof numerical results • Tables present results • Graphs promote understanding of results and suggest interpretation of their meaning

  27. Blood glucose levels Breakfast 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Dinner Lunch Diabetic Blood Glucose Level (mg/dl) Normal (mg/dl*) 100.3 93.6 88.2 100.5 138.6 102.4 93.8 132.3 103.8 93.6 127.8 109.2 Diabetic (mg/dl) 175.8 165.7 159.4 72.1 271.0 224.6 161.8 242.7 219.4 152.6 227.1 221.3 Time (hour) midnight 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 noon 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 Normal 12:00 6:00 am 12:00 6:00 pm 12:00 Hour * decaliters/milligram Blood glucose levels for normal individual and diabetic Table or figure? Gustavii 2002

  28. Line graph USA Canada Year Changes in rabies disease incidence over time. Mathews and Mathews 2008

  29. Line graph labeling 100 100 Right eye Right eye Tyramine Tyramine 80 80 60 60 Pupil diameter (% change) Pupil diameter (% change) 40 40 Left eye Left eye 20 20 0 0 -20 -20 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 30 60 90 120 150 Minutes Minutes Gustavii 2002

  30. Line graph symbols • Use standard symbols on line graphs (order below is suggested) • In some cases there can be symbolic use of symbols, i.e. filled circle for treatment and unfilled circle for the control Symbols for Line Graphs

  31. Scatter graphs y y 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x visible pattern no visible pattern Katz 2006

  32. Bar graph • Used to present discrete (unrelated) variables in a forceful way • Downside is that they present a relatively small amount of information in quite a large space

  33. Bar graph Consumption of pure alcohol (litres) Gustavii 2002

  34. Comparative bar graph This effective bar graph relates insect type to turning choices. Mathews and Mathews 2008

  35. Keep bar graph simple Do not use 3-D on 2-D data Gustavii 2002

  36. Use 3-D only if necessary Jamie Myers

  37. Histogram • An estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable • Used to present continuous variables in a forceful way

  38. Comparative histogram Can replace legend with symbols Probability of dying in a coronary care unit after admission with initial working diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Gustavii 2002

  39. Comparative histogram 6 M D K l o w N A h i g h N A 5 H i g h N a K H W C 4 pH 3 2 1 0 0 0 . 5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 Time (min) Maximum three groups per category Gustavii 2002

  40. Pie graph • Good for getting attention • Show relationship of a number of parts to the whole • Arrange segments in size order with largest at 12 o’clock • Downside is that you cannot compare areas

  41. Pie graph Rose (5%) Violet (20%) Dandelion (50%) Apple (25%) Typical Honeybee Pollen Load Composition (n = 1,034 pellets) This effective divided-circle graph shows which flowers contribute to a typical honeybee pollen load. To help readers compare the proportions, percentages are included. Mathews and Mathews 2008

  42. Pictograph Bar graphs made of pictures

  43. Pictograph 110 75 65 55 1985 1990 1995 2000 Number of Flowering Plant Species in West Suffolk County In this effective pictograph, the length of the flower stems corresponds to the number of plant species. Mathews and Mathews 2008

  44. Numbers and Statistics

  45. Numbers and Statistics

  46. Using statistics Using statistics properly is a skill Never be afraid to ask for advice Dr Tony KozakWednesdays 8:30 – 11:00 amFSC 2027 by appointment tony.kozak@ubc.ca

  47. Descriptive statistics Usually want to reduce the volume of your data to a few characteristic numbers These characteristic numbers are descriptivestatistics Certaindescriptive statistics are particularly helpfulin your Results section

  48. thingsbiological.wordpress.com

  49. Common descriptive statistics • Size • Range • Middle • Mean • Mode • Median • Spread • Standard deviation • Central 50%

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