Chronic Diseases

1. Chronic Diseases

2. Chronic Versus Acute • An acute illness lasts for a few days and doesn’t have long-term effects. Examples are colds or the flu. • A chronic illness lasts a long time. Examples include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lung disease and cancer.

3. Coronary Heart Disease (CVD) • #1 killer! • Major cause of disability • Myocardial Infarction • 1.25 million people have heart attacks each year • Sudden cardiac death • Types of CVD • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Peripheral artery disease (PAD) • Cardiomyopathy • Aneurysm • Valvular heart disease • Pericardial disease • Heart failure • Arrhythmia • Stroke

5. Risk Factors for CVD • Smoking • Obesity • High blood pressure • High cholesterol • Diabetes • Family history • Sedentary lifestyle • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRsLryQ57R4

7. Symptoms of CVD or heart attack • Coronary artery disease (CAD): Chest pain from lack of oxygen to the heart • Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Pain in muscles, cramping in legs, cyanosis, poor nail growth • Pericardial disease: Chest pain from fluid buildup around the heart • Heart failure: Swollen feet, legs, and abdomen; chronic fatigue; confusion; difficulty breathing; coughing with sputum Heart Attack

8. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Plaque Buildup in Artery

9. Diabetes • Two types • Type 1 is more common in young children; the body doesn’t produce insulin. • Type 2 is the most common type; results from insulin resistance. • Risk factors • Overweight • Lack of exercise • Poor diet • Diet high in carbohydrate and fat • Family history • Woman having a child > 9 lb (4 kg) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHRfDTqPzj4

10. Diabetes Treatment • Changing diet • Exercising • Taking medicine to reduce glucose in the bloodstream

11. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes • Always tired • Craving extra liquids • Frequent urination • Numbness and tingling in feet • Always hungry • Unexplained weight loss • Blurred vision • Sexual dysfunction

12. High Blood Pressure • Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. • Prehypertension is 120/80 to 139/89 mmHg. • Stage 1 hypertension is 140/90 to 159/99 mmHg. • Stage 2 hypertension is 160/100 mmHg and above (Stein 2006). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPxnIh_WTb8&NR=1

13. Warning Signs of a Stroke • Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body) • Sudden blurred or decreased vision in one or both eyes • Sudden inability to move part of the body (paralysis) • Sudden dizziness or headache with nausea and vomiting • Difficulty speaking or understanding words or simple sentences • Difficulty swallowing • Dizziness, loss of balance, or poor coordination • Brief loss of consciousness • Sudden confusion (WebMD 2006)

14. Controllable Risk Factors for Stroke • High blood pressure • Arterial fibrillation • Uncontrolled diabetes • High total cholesterol (more than 200 mg/dl) • Smoking • Alcohol (more than one drink per day) • Being overweight • Existing carotid or coronary artery disease

15. Lung Disease • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Chronic bronchitis: 8.9 million diagnosed • Emphysema: • 3.8 million diagnosed • Number of deaths: 13,913 • Asthma: • 15.7 million diagnosed • Number of deaths: 3,816 • Lung cancer: • 107,416 men and 89,271 women diagnosed • Number of deaths: 90,139 men and 69,078 women (CDC 2009) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dd2jYSTi9NM

16. Signs and Symptoms of COPD • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Cough • Sputum (mucus) production • Shortness of breath, especially with exercise • Wheezing (whistling or squeaky sound while breathing) • Chest tightness

17. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

18. Cancer • Common types of cancer • Lung cancer • Prostate cancer • Breast cancer • Skin cancer • Treatment for cancers • Surgical removal of tumor • Chemotherapy • Radiation

19. Lung Cancer • Diagnosed in over 170,000 Americans each year. • Symptoms include the following: • Shortness of breath • Wheezing • Chest pain • Coughing up blood • Can paralyze the vocal cords. • Invades the esophagus. • Overall 5-year survival rate is 16%.

20. Preventing Chronic Diseases • Many chronic diseases are referred to as lifestyle diseases. • Stopping smoking and improving diet and exercise habits can help prevent many chronic diseases. • Vaccines may prevent some chronic illnesses. • Spending more health care dollars on prevention could help.

21. Economic Burden of Chronic Disease • Chronic diseases contribute 75% of the $2 trillion medical care costs in the United States. • Cardiovascular diseases cost $300 billion in 2001 • Diabetes costs are $132 billion a year. • Smoking costs are more than $75 billion. • Costs related to physical inactivity were $76.6 billion in 2000.

22. Infectious Diseases

23. What Is an Infectious Disease? An infectious disease is a disease that can spread easily from one person to another.

24. Chain of Infection • Method by which a pathogen transmits a disease • Six distinct links • Agent • Reservoir • Portal of exit • Mode of transmission • Portal of entry • New host

25. Methods of Transmission • Through contact  Easiest way for pathogens to infect someone • Three types • Person to person (kissing, sharing straws) • Animal to person (petting a dog, scooping cat litter) • Mother to unborn child (from placenta to fetus) • Through the air • Droplets and particles are airborne methods of transmission. • Tuberculosis and influenza are two types of infectious diseases that have the ability to spread both through droplet and particle transmission. • By common vehicle and vector • Insect carriers are often called vectors. • Vectors can transmit germs to humans by landing on or biting them. • Uncooked meat and unwashed fruits and vegetables are often carriers for germs, as is unclean, unpurified water.

26. Indirect Contact • Indirect contact is another method of transmission of pathogens to humans. • Disease-causing organisms can live on doorknobs, telephones, and computer keyboards. • You can become infected if an infected person has used the equipment before you.

27. Six Major Causesof Infectious Diseases • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Protozoa • Parasitic worms • Prions

28. Controllable and Uncontrollable Risk Factors • Acquire and maintain a strong immune system to avoid diseases. • Exercise daily. • Eat a well-balanced diet. • Get enough sleep. • Don’t smoke or use illegal drugs; do limit alcohol consumption, manage stress, and get vaccines. • Practice good hygiene. • Some risk factors can’t be avoided. • Heredity • Age • Environment

29. External Barriers • First line of defense against invading pathogens. • Include both physical and chemical barriers. • Skin is one of the most important barriers. • Mucous membranes, hair, and cilia are other examples of external physical barriers. • Saliva and stomach acid are examples of external chemical barriers.

30. Innate Immune System • Component of the immune system that is present from birth. • Fast-response system designed to remove any foreign matter. • Causes inflammation at the site where a pathogen breaches the external defenses of the body.

31. Innate Immune System (continued) • The inflammation causes redness, pain, warmth, or swelling. • Helps the body identify bacteria and activates cells to clear dead cells. • Identifies and removes foreign substances in the organs, tissues, blood, and lymph.

32. Acquired Immune System • Component of the immune system that grows as you are exposed to a variety of disease-causing pathogens. • The two parts are active and passive immunity. • Active immunity targets specific foreign particles. • Vaccinations are considered part of the active immune system. • Passive immunity is from another source, such as immunity from the mother passed through the placenta or breast milk.

33. Common Infectious Diseases • Common cold • Influenza (flu) • Bacterial meningitis • Pertussis (whooping cough) • Tuberculosis • Mononucleosis (mono) • Pneumonia • West Nile virus

34. Sexually Transmitted Infections • HIV and AIDS • Hepatitis B • Syphilis • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Genital herpes • Genital warts • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

35. Protection From Infectious Diseases: Immunizations • Make sure your vaccinations are up to date. • It’s especially important for college students to receive the meningitis and HPV vaccinations.

36. Protection From Infectious Diseases: Hand Washing • Wash your hands often with soap and water. • Wash for at least 20 seconds.

37. Protection From Infectious Diseases: Safe Sex Practices • Practice abstinence, if possible. • Use latex condoms. • Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship. • Avoid sexual activity with any partner whose sexual history you don’t know. • Limit excessive use of alcohol or other drugs because such use can impair judgment, which could lead to risky sexual practices.