Science Warm-up 3/19/2012

1. Science Warm-up 3/19/2012 • ~52.  There is a dead man lying in the desert next to a rock. What happened? • 62.  Two children born in the same hospital, in the same hour, day, and year, have the same mother and father, but are not twins. • What happened?

2. ~52.  The dead man is Superman; the rock is Green Kryptonite.  Invent a reasonable scenario from there. • ~62.  The children are two of a set of triplets.

3. Chapter 3: Communities, Biomes and Ecosystems. Wood

4. Chapter 3 Overview • Big Idea: Limiting factors and ranges of tolerance are factors that determine where terrestrial biome and aquatic biomes exist. • Section 1: Community Ecology • Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes • Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems

5. Section 1: Community Ecology • Main idea: All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment. • Key Concepts: • Communities p.60 • Ecological Succession p.62

6. Community • A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. • Communities are affected by things called limiting factors.

7. Limiting Factors • Any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. • Includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things

9. Range of Tolerance • An upper limit and lower limit that define the conditions in which an organism can survive • The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is called tolerance.

11. Ecological Succession • The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession. • There are two types of ecological succession—primary succession and secondary succession.

13. Primary Succession • The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is primary succession. Lichens 

14. Secondary Succession • The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is secondary succession.

16. Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes • Main Idea: Ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on the plant communities in them. • Key Concepts: • Effects of Latitude and Climate p. 65 • Major Land Biomes p. 66 • Other Terrestrial Biomes p. 72

17. Latitude • The distance any point on the surface of the Earth north or south from the equator is latitude.

18. Climate • The average weather conditions in an area, including temperature and precipitation, describe the area’s climate. • Remember, this is the type of clothes you would find in your closet for a season.

19. This graph shows how temperature and precipitation influence the communities

20. Major Land Biomes • Biomes are classified by 3 things: • Their plants • The temperature • The amount of precipitation.

21. Tundra • The tundra is a treeless biomes with a layer of frozen soil below called permafrost. • Avg temp: -34 to -12 degrees Celsius • Avg precipitation: 15-25cm per year • Abiotic factors: soggy summers; permafrost; cold and dark much of the year

23. Boreal Forest • Avg Precipitation: 30-84cm per year • Avg Temp: -54 to 21 degrees Celsius • Abiotic factors: summers are short and moist; winters are long, cold, and dry

25. Temperate Forest • Average precipitation: 75–150 cm per year • Temperature range: -30°C to 30°C • Abiotic factors: well-defined seasons; summers are hot, winters are cold

27. Temperate Shrubland • Average precipitation: 38–100 cm per year • Temperature range: 10°C to 40°C • Abiotic factors: summers are very hot and dry; winters are cool and wet

29. Temperate Grassland • Average precipitation: 50–89 cm per year • Temperature range: -40°C–38°C • Abiotic factors: summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall; fires possible

31. Desert • Average precipitation: 2–26 cm per year • Temperature range: high: 20°C to 49°C; low: -18°C to 10°C • Abiotic factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall

33. Tropical Savanna • Average precipitation: 50–130 cm per year • Temperature range: 20°C to 30°C • Abiotic factors: summers are hot and rainy; winters are cool and dry

35. Tropical Seasonal Forest • Average precipitation: >200 cm per year • Temperature range: 20°C–25°C • Abiotic factors: rainfall is seasonal

37. Tropical Rain Forest • Average precipitation: 200–1000 cm per year • Temperature range: 24°C to 27°C • Abiotic factors: humid all year; hot and a lot of precipitation

39. Mountains • Biomes on mountains change with an increase of elevation.

40. Polar Regions

41. Section 3: Aquatic Biomes • Main Idea: Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based on abiotic factors such as water flow, depth, distance from shore, salinity and latitude. • Key Concepts: • Freshwater ecosystems p. 74 • Transitional ecosystems p. 78 • Marine ecosystems p. 79

42. Freshwater Ecosystems

43. Rivers and Streams • The water flows in one direction, beginning at a source called a headwater and travelling to the mouth, where the flowing water empties into a larger body of water. • The faster the water, the lower the number of organisms.

44. Fast-moving rivers and streams prevent much accumulation of organic materials and sediment.

46. Lakes and Ponds • The temperature of lakes and ponds varies depending on the season.

47. 3 Zones of Lakes • Littoral zone- area closest to shore • Limnetic zone- open water, well lit • Profundal zone- deepest area, coldest

48. Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems • Estuaries- where freshwater from a stream mixes with saltwater.

49. Intertidal Zone • The narrow band where ocean and land meet.

50. Open Oceans • Photic- with sunlight • Aphotic- without sunlight • Benthic zone: area on the bottom of the ocean containing sand, silt, and dead organisms. • Abyssal zone: deepest zone of ocean.