Communication

1. Communication Compiled by Elizabeth Bogumil Outlined by Professor Wonser

2. Outline • What is communication • Content of communication • Process • Verbal • Non-verbal • Barriers to communication • Improving communication • Communication & power • Arguments • Non-verbal communication

3. What is communication How do you define communication?

4. Content of Communication • The content of the communication is the message • Expectations • Needs • Wants • Information • The process of communication is how it is conveyed

5. Process of Communication • Verbal • words • Non-verbal • The process by which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words • Facial Expressions • Tone of voice • Non-Verbal vocalizations • Gestures • Bogy position and movement • Touch • Gaze and eye contact • Personal space • Actions • Positive vs. negative

6. Process of Non-Verbal communication • Two types of communication without words: • Actions • Positive • Negative • Non-verbal • Encoding is expressing or emitting non-verbal behavior • Decoding is interpreting the meaning of the non-verbal behaviors being expressed by others Who played the telephone game when they were little? How do the results relate to encoding and decoding?

7. Process of Non-Verbal Communication • Paul Ekman’s Seven Universal Emotions • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Happiness • Sadness • Surprise Do you think there Are differences in How genders read emotions?

8. Process of Non-Verbal Communication How do we learn non-verbal communication?

9. Barriers to Communication • Physical and environmental • Situational • Cultural • Gender • Psychological • TEDs 5 Ways to Listen Better

10. Improving communication • General Methods • Motivation and concern • Self disclosure • Clarity • Listen/ask and provide feedback • Avoid distractions • Specific Methods • Describe the problem • Summarize how you feel about another’s action • Show respect for other peoples struggles • Don’t rush to answer questions, suggest ways they can solve a problem • Ask non-judgemental questions • Mirror some behavior of the person your with

11. Communication & Power What does power mean to you?

12. Communication & Power • Social exchange theory is built around power • Focuses on personal ties that shape the exchange of resources • Examines economic and non-economic exchanges • Exchange is voluntary, not explicit and takes place within a social system How would you connect social exchange theory to communication?

13. Communication & Power • Everything, including relationships and communication can be boiled down to power • Power can come from: • The ability to meet one’s needs • The ability to influence a partner to get what one wants • Power differentials in intimate relationships can lead to problems • Principal of least interest simply states that the individual (or partner) with least interest has the most power Why might this be so?

14. Communication & Power • Who typically has the power? • Those who have the least interest in the relationship • Those who gain the least from the relationship • Those who have invested the least into the relationship • Those who have the most resources • Those with more education Based on these concepts, what individual in a family do you think may typically have the most power? What theory could we use for studying the distribution of power in a family?

15. Arguments • Two types • Directional arguments have a goal or purpose and usually approach the issue that led to the argument in the first place • Non-Directional arguments are non-directional because the underlying issue is not being dealt with in the argument itself Which type of arguments are more conducive to growth in a relationships?

16. Arguments Getting to the core of the problem

17. Arguments Healthy arguments: The Win-Win Model

18. Arguments • Marital entropy is the principle that if a marriage does not receive preventive maintenance and upgrades it will move towards decay and break down What can be done to prevent marital entropy?

19. Arguments

20. Arguments Inhibitions to open communication and trust What are examples on how each of these can inhibit communication or cause arguments?

21. Non-verbal communication • Non-verbal communication includes touch, gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, distance and overall body positioning • In the first 20 seconds to 3 minutes when we interact with another a first impression is formed • This impression can influence how we present ourselves • If there is a mismatch between words and the way in which they are delivered, we tent to believe the delivery rather than the words What does our non-verbal communication say about us?

22. Non-verbal communication • Types of non-verbal communication • Paralanguage are all the vocal aspects of speech other than words • The umms, sos, hmms, laughs, etc. • Body language are the silent movements of body parts • In addition to the approximately 250,000 different facial expressions that humans can make, non-verbal communications uses many other bodily and gestural cues • Interpersonal spacing cues are how we position ourselves at varying distances and angles from others • Personal effects are what a person wears that communicates information about that person Have you seen non-verbal communication affect verbal communication? How?

23. Non-verbal communication There is a cultural and historic component to all communication, particularly non-verbal communication

24. Non-verbal communication Can you think of ideas beyond flirtation?

25. Non-verbal communication • Bush’s inauguration • The president did not know that: • In the Mediterranean cultures, this gesture implies that a man has an unfaithful wife • In parts of Africa it is used to impose a curse on another person • Gestures around the world Can you think of a time when you unintentionally communicated the wrong message to someone through body language?

26. Activity • Divide into 6 groups • Count off by 6 • Each group will receive a packet • The first page will have a diagram • The second page will have instructions and several small group activities • You will have approximately 10 minutes to complete each set of activities • Don’t write on the packet – answer questions on your own paper • Pass your packet to the next group • At the end of class we will discuss which communication methods you liked best or think would be most helpful