Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. Reconstruction = Rebuilding the South (rejoining the Union)

3. The Reconstruction Era 1863-1876 • I. Views/Beliefs • A. White Southerners • 1. Renunion with the North • 2. White supremacy • 3. Some freedom for former slaves – some civil • rights – no role in governing • 4. Some Northerners (including VP • Andrew Johnson) shared these views • B. Blacks/most Northern Republicans • 1. To be allowed back in the U.S. • Basic rights must be secure for • former slaves

4. II. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • A. Pardon to all in the South except . . . • 1. highest ranking military officers • 2. civilian leaders (Jeff Davis) • B. 10% of the voting population takes an oath of loyalty and establishes a new state government - it will be recognized. • **** Lincoln’s 10% Plan • Pardon – forgiveness – bring back into the Union “charity for all”

5. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.

6. III. Radical Republican Plan • 3 Main Goals • A. Prevent Confederate leaders from taking power • B. Make the Republican party powerful in the South • C. Ensure political equality for ex-slaves – guarantee of the vote • Differences????

7. IV. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Moderate Republicans A. Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance B. Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. C. States must abolish slavery (ratify) D. No Confederate officers or government officials could participate in state government. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

8. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • E. Lincoln thought the plan too harsh • Pocket veto (let the session of Congress expire without signing the bill) Vocabulary Word!! PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

9. Compare-Contrast these Reconstruction Plans Multiple Venn Write a compare/contrast short essay

10. Compare-Contrast these Reconstruction Plans All – No high Confederates in power Blacks – right to vote

11. V. 13th Amendment • Passed January 31, 1865 - Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-w4A43wkGU

12. IV. Freedmen’s Bureau (established 1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands – headed by Gen. Oliver O. Howard. • A. Northern white women and abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • B. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

13. C. Purpose • 1. Established schools (most important) • 2. Provided food • 3. Provided shelter • 4. Helped with employment • (not all were “honorable”) • Authorized 40 acres of confiscated land to former slaves (didn’t happen)

14. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Caption – “Plenty to eat and nothing to do.”

15. Freedmen’s Bureau School

16. President Johnson was against the Bureau and twice Congress had to override his vetoes to keep it functioning. Most Southerners hated the Bureau, seeing it as a “foreign government” forced on them by the North’s military. By 1869, Congress had ended all the Freedmen’s Bureau's work except for education, which ended in 1870.

17. V. Lincoln Assassination(April 15, 1865) • Andrew Johnson – president (on the ticket a pro-war Southern Dem – from TN and did not secede with his state) • A “racist” – favored Lincoln’s plan – not trusted or respected by Congress

19. Rags to Riches Story (last to be born in a log cabin – very poor) – Southerner Never went to school Got drunk at Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural “The Drunk” --- cough medicine First president to be impeached Was apprenticed to become a tailor Reconstruction Plan (Proclamation of Amnesty—May 1865) similar to Lincoln’s Andrew Johnson #17 (Rep??)

20. VI. Presidential Reconstruction

21. A. President Johnson’s Proclamation of Amnesty • 1. Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (BUTthey could apply directly to Johnson and did) • 2. New constitutions must ratify the 13th Amendment. • Pardoned thousands (made them grovel) a. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. b. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. EFFECTS? c. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

22. 4. Results - Northern Alarm • a. Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • b. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons • c. Revival of southern defiance • 1. Black Codes

23. Black Codes • Purpose: • Labor contracts – (harsh) Guarantee stable labor supply • Vagrancy laws • Registration • Curfews • License for non-labor jobs Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

25. 2. Sharecropping • sharecroppers[tenant farmers] • a. Must give the landlord a percentage of the cropps • b. Must pay the landlord for housing, food, seed, equipment, etc. • Stayed in poverty (like slave labor)

26. Slavery is Dead?

27. VI. Congress Breaks with President A Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. B. February, 1866  President vetoes the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. C. March, 1866  Johnson vetoes the 1866 Civil Rights Act. D. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st time in U. S. history!!

28. VIII. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

29. Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Ben Wade, Salmon B. Chase

30. B. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868 • (passed to make sure Civil Rights Bill could not be overturned) • Grants citizenship to Blacks (and all born in US) • Former Confederate office holders could not hold state or federal office • Reduced Electoral representation to those states that deny Blacks the right to vote • No state could deny any person “equal protection under the law” • 2. Southern states punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! • Gets rid of the Black Codes

31. The Balance of Power in Congress

32. C. Radical Plan for Readmission • 1. Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military rule – 5 districts (10 states). • 2. New state constitutions, ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. • Military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. • Guarantee suffrage to former adult male slaves in state constitutions • 15th amendment: Suffrage for Blacks • No mention of holding office • No suffrage for women

33. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • 10 states refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divide them into 5 military districts.

34. D. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • 1. Command of the Army Act • The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. • 2. Tenure of Office Act • The President can not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent. • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton Sec of War

35. E. Johnson’s Impeachment • 1. Johnson fired Stanton (he wouldn’t go). • Johnson replaced generals in the field (they wouldn’t leave). • Johnson was impeached by the House before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! Johnson was mad!!

36. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

38. IX. Grant Administration (1868-1876)

39. Famous Civil War General Hated the sight of blood (made him sick) Smoked about 20 cigars a day (would die of throat cancer) – drank pickle juice Scandal and corruption – he appointed friends and old military buddies to high positions (spoils system) Real name – Hiram Was a drinker (started when he was lonely and stationed far from his beloved wife Julia) #18 President Ulysses S. Grant (R)

40. The 1868 Republican Ticket

41. 1868 Presidential Election

42. President Ulysses S. Grant

43. Black "Adjustment" in the South

44. A. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 • 1. Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places. • 2. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. • Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. • No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

45. James Longstreet Carpetbaggers – Northerners to the South (hated) Scalawag – white Southerners who supported the Republicans (hated)

46. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

48. Black Senate & House Delegates

49. Mississppi 1st Black US Congressman 1st Black Senator 1870 - 1871 C. Hiram Rhodes Revels

50. Colored Rulein the South?