Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. RECONSTRUCTION • ‘The adaptation of American society without __________ and the ______________ of American society after the_________ ______.’

3. KEY QUESTIONS • Would Reconstruction have been different if Lincoln finished his second term? • Why was Andrew Johnson’s impeachment historically significant? • Was Reconstruction a success? Why? Why not? • Create your own!

4. Two theories on Reconstruction Work together with the South to bring about peace and reunification Be stern and hard on the ex-Confederate states in order to prevent another uprising

5. President Lincoln’s Plan _________Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but ____________________________________________________________ • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

6. President Lincoln’s Plan • 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR • “loyal assemblies” • They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

7. Congress’ Plan • Radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, stressed any Reconstruction Plan must “revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners.”

8. _______________________ (1864) • Required _____ of the number of 1860 voters to take an “_____________” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

9. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Iron-Clad” Oath. • “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] • “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] • Lincoln vetoed the bill because he was not ready to “be inflexibly committed to any single plan of restoration.” PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

10. Lincoln’s Assassination • National grief & panic • VP Andrew Johnson becomes president • Had been Tennessee congressman • His state seceded • He remains loyal to the Union http://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-the-diary-of-john-wilkes-booth#lincoln-after-the-assassination

11. Lincoln Assassinated • The country would never know how Reconstruction would have gone with Lincoln as President. • On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated. • The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, shot Lincoln as he and his wife watched a play at the Ford Theatre in Washington. • Americans mourned his death, especially Southerners…why?

12. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

13. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • ________________. • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

14. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except _______________________________________________________________________________________ • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS? 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

15. For readmission into the Union, rebelling states would need to nullify their acts of secession, abolish slavery, and refuse to pay Confederate debts • __________________________________________________________________________ • What kind of laws do you think were passed regarding newly freed slaves? • Johnson was too lenient towards these newly formed governments even overlooking __________________________________________________________________________ • 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the U.S.

16. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted ______ special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. ________________

17. Black Codes • Black codes were laws passed in Southern states during Reconstruction that ______________________________ • Examples of Black Codes: • Promoted _________________in some places • Prohibited _______________________ • Jury service by blacks • Court testimony by blacks against whites • All codes had provisions in them which basically barred former slaves from leaving the plantation

18. Quotes regarding Black Codes • Of the Black Codes, one African American veteran demanded, “If you call this Freedom, what do you call Slavery” • The Chicago Tribune proclaimed, “The men of the North will convert the State of Mississippi into a frog pond before they will allow such laws to disgrace one foot of soil in which the bones of our soldiers sleep and over which the flag of freedom waves.”

19. Violence in the South • Race Riots were becoming widespread across the South. • Johnson’s call for leniency towards the ex-Confederate states were becoming absurd in the wake of such violence.

20. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the ________________ • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 ____________. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  _______________

21. Congress vs. Johnson • Freedmen’s Bureau • What was it? • An organization that helped millions of southern freedmen left homeless and hungry after the war. • It distributed food and clothing, as well as, set up hospitals and schools. • What did Johnson do? • He vetoed an attempt to extend the organization’s life.

22. Congress vs. Johnson • The Civil Rights Act of 1866 • What was it? • First civil rights law in U.S. history; it declared everyone born in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights. • What did Johnson do and what happened as a result? • Johnson vetoed the bill; however, Congress voted and passed it over his veto.

23. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

24. Who were the Radical Republicans? • Radical Republicans, led by Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, stressed any Reconstruction Plan must “revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners.”

25. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” The 1866 Bi-Election • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

26. Elections of 1866 • Citizens grew tired ___________________________________________________ • As a result, the Radical Republicans won an overwhelming victory in the elections of 1866 “Yo Radical Republicans!! We did it!!”

27. Radical Plan for Readmission • Civil authorities in the territories were subject _________________________ • Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. • In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

28. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 _________________.

29. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Command of the Army Act • The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the _______________________ • Tenure of Office Act • The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. • __________________________________________________________ • A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

30. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to ____________________. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

31. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (________of required 2/3s vote).

32. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the ________________________________ • Insure against neo-Confederate political power. • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

33. The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

34. The Election of 1868 • Republican nominee – General Ulysses S. Grant. • Democrat nominee – ____________________ • Grant won a slim victory due to ________________________________________

35. 1868 Presidential Election

36. Grant Administration Scandals • Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. • ___________ • ___________ • ___________

37. The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast  crusading cartoonist/reporter]

38. The Election of 1872 • Rumors of ________ during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. • Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate. • Greeley attacked as afool and a crank. • _________________

39. 1872 Presidential Election

40. The Panic of 1873 • It raises “the moneyquestion.” • debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks. • creditors, intellectuals support hard money. • 1875  Specie Redemption Act. • 1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races  The “Crime of ’73’!

41. Legal Challenges • The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) • Bradwell v. IL (1873) • U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876) • U. S. v. Reese (1876)

42. Black "Adjustment" in the South

43. White Southern Republicans • Many whites in the South felt that any southerner who helped the Republicans was a _________________. • Many were known as scalawags • ________________- derogatory word/slang term to insult a white southern republican

44. Northern Republicans • Were strongly disliked by Southerners. • Became known as carpetbaggers • __________________- northerners who came to the South to take advantage of their troubles

45. African Americans • Earned the right to vote as well as __________________ • Still faced many hardships including racism, poverty, and a continuing struggle for equality.

46. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

47. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee ______________________________________ • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of ___________________. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

48. Black Codes • Freedmen CANNOT • Vote • Own guns • Serve on juries • Freedmen CAN • Marry legally • IN MOST STATES… • - Freedmen could only work as servants or farm laborers • Freedmen had to sign a contract for a year’s work • …those who had no contract could be arrested & sentenced to work on a plantation Would an employer be inclined to offer a contract? Why or why not???

49. Sharecropping

50. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System