260 likes | 300 Views
Reflection & Transmission. when end is free to move, reflected wave is not inverted. when end is fixed, reflected wave in inverted. Reflection & Transmission. when a wave enters a heavier material, part of the wave is reflected and part is transmitted.
E N D
Reflection & Transmission when end is free to move, reflected wave is not inverted when end is fixed, reflected wave in inverted Waves & Sound
Reflection & Transmission when a wave enters a heavier material, part of the wave is reflected and part is transmitted Waves & Sound
Interference; Principle of Superposition PartialDestructiveInterference ConstructiveInterference DestructiveInterference Waves & Sound
Speed of Sound • Different in different materials • v = 331 m/s • in air at 00C and at 1 atm • temperature dependence • v = (331 +0.60 T) m/s Waves & Sound
Decibels • Intensity of sound is measured in decibels • range of 1012 between intensity of quietest and loudest sounds we can hear • ear hears on logarithmic scale • decibel - measure of intensity Waves & Sound
Intensity Waves & Sound
Human Ear Waves & Sound
Frequency Response of Ear Waves & Sound
Sources of sound • String instruments • Strings are fixed at both ends. • sound is amplified by • sounding box • sounding board • Figure out the equation for harmonic wavelengths in terms of L, where L is the length of the unstretched string. Waves & Sound
Pair Problem • A highway overpass was observed to resonate as one full loop when a small earthquake shook the ground vertically at 4.0 Hz. The highway department put a support at the center of the overpass, anchoring it to the ground. What resonant frequency would you now expect for the overpass? Earthquakes rarely do significant shaking above 5 or 6 Hz. Did the modifications do any good? Waves & Sound
Tacoma Narrows Bridge • Watch movie Waves & Sound
Sources of Sound: Wind Instruments Waves & Sound
Closed at one end Waves & Sound
Quality of Sound Waves & Sound
Interference & Beats fbeats = fA - fB Waves & Sound
Doppler Effect higher frequency lower frequency Waves & Sound
Think-Pair-Share • A monitor is blowing a whistle in front of the child. At which position, A through E, will the child hear the highest frequency for the sound of the whistle? Explain your reasoning. Waves & Sound
Doppler Effect • v = speed of wave • vo = speed of observer • vs = speed of source • f0 = emitted frequency • f’ = observed frequency • f’ > f0 • s and o approaching • f’ < f0 • s and o receding Waves & Sound
Plug & Chug • The predominant frequency of a certain fire engine’s siren is 1550 Hz when at rest. What frequency do you detect if you move with a speed of 30.0 m/s (a) toward the fire engine, and (b) away from it? Waves & Sound
Think-Pair-Share • (a) Compare the shift in frequency if a 200-Hz source is moving toward you at 15 m/s, versus you moving toward it at 15 m/s. Are the two frequences exactly the same? Are they close? • (b) Repeat the calculation for 150 m/s. What can you conclude about the asymmetry of the Doppler formula? Waves & Sound
Sonic Boom If an object moves at the speed of sound as in (c), all the sound waves pile up at one point. The result is an immense sound - a sonic boom! Waves & Sound
Ultrasound Imaging color reflects strength of echo delay of echo indicates distance to boundary Waves & Sound
Think-Pair-Share • If the velocity of blood flow in the aorta is normally about 0.32 m/s, what beat frequency would you expect if 5.50-MHz ultrasound waves were directed along the flow and reflected from the red blood cells? Assume that the waves travel with a speed of 1.54 x 103 m/s. Waves & Sound
Think-Pair-Share • A single mosquito 5.0 m from a person makes a sound close to the threshold of human hearing (0 dB). What will be the sound level of 1000 such mosquitos? Waves & Sound
Interactive Physics • PHET • phet.colorado.edu/sims/wave-on-a-string/wave-on-a- string_en.html • Create a standing wave • Adjust the settings to match your calculations for the harmonics Waves & Sound