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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Plant Biotechnology. Plant Structure. Plant Structure. CO 2 + H 2 O →C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. Agriculture: The Next Revolution. Biggest industry in the world ($1.3 trillion of products per year)

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Plant Biotechnology

  2. Plant Structure

  3. Plant Structure CO2 + H2O →C6H12O6 + O2

  4. Agriculture: The Next Revolution • Biggest industry in the world ($1.3 trillion of products per year) • Plant transgenesis allows innovations that are impossible to achieve with conventional hybridization methods • Resistant to herbicides • Pest resistant • Vaccines

  5. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Unique advantages of plants: • The long history of plant breeding provides plant geneticists with a wealth of strains that can be exploited at the molecular level • Plants produce large numbers of progeny; so rare mutations and recombinations can be found more easily • Plants have been regenerative capabilities, even from one cell • Species boundaries and sexual compatibility are no longer an issue

  6. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Protoplast Fusion to create plant hybrids • Degrade cell wall with cellulase • A cell lacking a cell wall is called a protoplast • The protoplasts from different species of plants can be fused together to create a hybrid • The fused protoplasts grow in nutrient agar for a few weeks • The colonies are then transferred to media to induce root and shoot growth

  7. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Ti plasmid – found in Agrobacter, a type of soil bacteria that infects plants • Integrates into the DNA of the host cell, making it an ideal vehicle for transferring recombinant DNA to plant cells

  8. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Leaf fragment Technique • Small discs of leaf incubated with genetically modified Agrobacter Ti plasmid • Treat with hormones to stimulate shoot and root development • Limitation: cannot infect monocotyledonous plants only dicotyledonous such as tomatoes, potatoes, apples and soybeans Transgenic Plant Animation

  9. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Gene Guns • Use on Agrobacter-resistant crops • Blast tiny metal beads coated with DNA into an embryonic plant cell • Aim at the nucleus or a chloroplast • Shoot in gene of interest and a gene marker (reporter)

  10. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Chloroplast Engineering • More genes can be inserted at one time • Genes are more likely to be expressed • DNA is separate from the nucleus

  11. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • Antisense Technology • Flavr SavrTM tomato introduced in 1994 • Ripe tomatoes normally produce the enzyme, polyglacturonase (PG) which digests pectin • Scientists isolated the PG gene, produced a complementary gene which produces a complementary mRNA that binds to the normal mRNA inactivating the normal mRNA for this enzyme

  12. Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis • RNA Interference (RNAi) • Inhibits gene expression by interfering with transcription or translation of RNA molecules RNAi video and animations

  13. Practical Applications in the Field • Vaccines for Plants • Contain dead or weakened strains of plant viruses to turn on the plant’s immune system • Transgenic plants express viral proteins to confer immunity

  14. Practical Applications in the Field • Genetic Pesticides • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a protein that is toxic to plant pests • Transgenic plants contain the gene for the Bt toxin and have a built-in defense against these plant pests

  15. Practical Applications in the Field • Herbicide Resistance –resistant to glyphosate

  16. Practical Applications in the Field • Safe Storage • avidin-blocks the availability of biotin for insects • Stronger fibers • Enhanced Nutrition • Golden rice that is genetically modified to produce large amounts of beta carotene

  17. Practical Applications in the Field • The Future: From Pharmaceuticals to Fuel • Plant-based petroleum for fuels, alternatives to rubber, nicotine-free tobacco, etc

  18. Practical Applications in the Field • Metabolic Engineering • Manipulation of plant biochemistry to produce nonprotein products or to alter cellular properties

  19. Health and Environmental Concerns • Human Health • Allergens • Environment • Super weeds

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