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ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY

ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. CHAPTER ONE WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODS CHAPTER THREE CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER SIX ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY ( 变态心理学） CHAPTER SEVEN SKILLS OF READING

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ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY

  2. CONTENTS • CHAPTER ONEWHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY • CHAPTER TWORESEARCH METHODS • CHAPTER THREECONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY • CHAPTER FOURDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • CHAPTER FIVESOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • CHAPTER SIXABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY(变态心理学） • CHAPTER SEVENSKILLS OF READING • CHAPTER EIGHTSKILLS OF WRITING • Abstract Writing • Writing in Social Sciences • Writing in Natural Sciences

  3. READINGS • 心理学专业英语基础 • 心理学·教育学专业英语 • 改变心理学的40项研究（中文版，英文版）

  4. RESOURCES • 英语字典（牛津，朗文） • 现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇 • http://dict.cnki.net

  5. Chapter 1 What is psychology ?

  6. What is psychology ? 1.DEFINITIONS: The word “Psychology” is derived fromtwo Greek roots:“Psyche（精神）”,meaning “mind” or “soul” and “Logos（理性）",meaning "study of". Psychology, therefore,literally means "study of the mind". However,a more recent definition by Atkinson etal(1991) suggests that psychology is: "The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes"

  7. What is psychology ? • DEFINITIONS • THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY • WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM • WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED • HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP

  8. What is psychology ? DEFINITIONS: The word "Psychology" is derived from two Greek roots: "Psyche", meaning "mind" or "soul" and "Logos", meaning "study of". derive:派生 roots:词根 mind:心灵；精神 soul:灵魂；心灵；精神 心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对……研究。

  9. Psychology, therefore, literally means "study of the mind". therefore:因此 literally :根据字面意思 因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵(意识)的研究。

  10. However,a more recent definition by Atkinson etal(1991) suggests that psychology is: "The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes" suggest:认为，建议，提议 然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。 心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。

  11. Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading, since psychologists now and throughout（自始至终） their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject（主题） and how it should be studied. misleading:误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途 subject:主题，科目

  12. 然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。

  13. What is psychology？ 2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? Psychology developed from three main areas of study: 标题内容 PHILOSOPHY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Philosophy:哲学 Biology:生物学 Physics:物理学 心理学的来源？ 心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。

  14. PHILOSOPHY Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined（概述） by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were: 1 Empiricism（经验主义） - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour. 2 Positivism（实证主义） - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.

  15. PHILOSOPHY Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC. investigate:调查，研究，探讨 outline:概述，提出……的纲要 such as:像，诸如，例如[用于举例] 心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle等。

  16. PHILOSOPHY Two more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were: 1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behaviour. 2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour. argue:认为，提出……观点，辩论 当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是： 1经验主义——认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如说行为。 2实证主义——认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。

  17. TIPS： • empiricism:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience. • positivism：a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is based only on real facts which can be scientifically proved, rather than on ideas.

  18. BIOLOGY • Biology（生物学） has two important influences: 1 Evolution（进化论） - Darwin‘s suggestion that humans have evolved from（由…进化） other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour. 2 Physiology（生理学） - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous（神经）, and endocrine system（内分泌系统） have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.

  19. BIOLOGY 1 Evolution - Darwin's suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour. Evolution:进化论 suggestion:建议，意见，观点 implication:含义，影响，（可引申为意义） 进化论——Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。

  20. BIOLOGY 2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour. physiology:生理学 medical profession:医疗职业 endocrine system:内分泌系统 significantly:重大地，客观地 生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。

  21. PHYSICS • A subject（学科） that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles. • Physicist（物理学家）, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.

  22. PHYSICS A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles. 由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和原则，将其作为理想模型。

  23. PHYSICS Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics心理物理学) in the nineteenth century, with some success. psychophysics:心理物理学 物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。 Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科——心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。

  24. WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? Psychology developed from three main areas of study: PHILOSOPHY BIOLOGY PHYSICS WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED?

  25. WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？ The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline（科学学科）, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.

  26. WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？ Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle（原则） of Psychology was a major landmark in psychology’s literature（著作） and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology（生理学） and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.

  27. WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？ The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. discipline:学科 Leipzig:莱比锡 1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实验室。

  28. WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？ Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychology’s literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875. 因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年写成的《心理学原理》，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。

  29. HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP? • Structuralism • Functionalism • Psychoanalysis • Behaviorism • Cognitive psychology • Humanistic approach（方法） • Biological approach approach:接近；方法；途径 心理学是如何发展的？ 结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）

  30. Structuralism Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object（对象） of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection（内省） (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.

  31. Structuralism One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach（方法） was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.

  32. Structuralism Structuralism-was the first approach（趋向于） to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object（对象）of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. investigate:调查，研究 introspection:内省 pioneered:倡导；作先驱 images:表象 object:对象，客体 sensation:感觉 conscious:意识 feelings:情感

  33. Structuralism Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. 结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学家研究化学一样。

  34. Structuralism One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism. claimed:声称；宣称；断言 结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。

  35. Functionalism Functionalism-the approach William James advocated（提倡）. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. Many of James’s insights（见解） remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded（取代） by the next two very powerful approaches（研究、方法） that both started around the turn of the century.

  36. Functionalism Functionalism-the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. advocated:提倡，主张，拥护 What for:为什么；为何目的 这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。

  37. Functionalism Many of James’s insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century. insight:眼光，洞察力 valid:有效的，有根据的；正当的 supersede:取代，代替 James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服力）的方法取代了。

  38. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory（隐含的理论） of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial有争议的) impact on psychology. Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.

  39. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) impact on psychology. Therapy：治疗，疗法 Underlying：隐含的，潜在的，基本的 精神分析理论—实际上是由奥地利Sigmund Freud发展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如《梦的解析》（1900），Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的（并且是有争议的）影响。

  40. Psychoanalysis Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware. unconscious mind：无意识，潜意识 Freud认为心理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。

  41. Behaviorism Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical（批评） of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind”, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science. This approach（方法） dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s, when a strong resurgence（再现） of interest in the “mind” developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches（人本主义的方法）, which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.

  42. Behaviorism Behaviorism-Behaviorists, such as John Waston, were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with “mind”, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science. concern oneself with：研究的对象是... objective：客观的 行为主义者，像John Waston，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。

  43. Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works, and then applying scientific methods to confirm（证实） these models. The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today. Testable：可验证的

  44. 认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。

  45. Humanistic approach The Humanistic approach, however, has had less of an impact on psychology, since it has deliberately（故意地）adopted a less scientific view（不怎么科学的观点） of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individual’s conscious experience and aims in life.（生活中意识经验和目标）

  46. 人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。

  47. Biological approach The Biological approach has advanced （发展了）evolutionary, physiological（生理学的）, and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.

  48. 生物学的研究方法 • 在心理学的历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。

  49. Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODS

  50. Variables WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE? VARIABLES A variables is any object（物体）, quality（特性） or event that changes or varies in some way. Examples include: aggression, intelligence, time, height, amount of alcohol, driving ability, attraction. OPERATIONALISATION Many of the variables that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts, such as aggression or intelligence. Operationalisation（操作化） refers to the process of making variables（变量） physically measurable or testable（在物理上可操作可测量）. This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration. （所考虑变量的指标）

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