Literary Elements

Literary Elements Imagery, Irony, Satire, Parody, Rhythm, Parallelism

Imagery Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.

The hot July sun beat relentlessly down, casting an orange glare over the farm buildings, the fields, the pond. Even the usually cool green willows bordering the pond hung wilted and dry. Our sun-baked backs ached for relief. We quickly pulled off our sweaty clothes and plunged into the pond, but the tepid water only stifled us and we soon climbed onto the brown, dusty bank. Our parched throats longed for something cool--a strawberry ice, a tall frosted glass of lemonade. • We pulled on our clothes, crackling underbrush, the sharp briars pulling at our damp jeans, until we reached the watermelon patch. As we began to cut open the nearest melon, we could smell the pungent skin mingling with the dusty odor of the dry earth. Suddenly, the melon gave way with a crack, revealing the deep, pink sweetness inside. Identify the Imagery sight smell taste touch sound Imagery

Imagery Directions Smell • Write a sentence full of imagery for each of the five senses • Write according to the pictures

Imagery: Write a sentence for each Touch Taste

Imagery: Write a sentence for each Sight Sound

MOONS by John Haines There are moons like continents, diminishing to a white stone softly smoking in a fog-bound ocean. equinoctial moons, immense rain barrels spilling their yellow water. moons like eyes turned inward, hard and bulging on the blue cheek of eternity. and moons half-broken, eaten by eagle shadows… but the moon of the poet is soiled and scratched, its seas are flowing with dust, and other moons are rising, swollen like boils— in their bloodshot depths the warfare of planets silently drips and festers.

“The Eagle” by Lord Alfred Tennyson He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringed with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.

Imagery Poetry • Raw material for a poem: • Mood- • Sights- • Smells- • Sounds- • Tastes- • Touch- • Thoughts-

Sense Poem • Think of an object or a place that is important to you • Then jot down imagery/sensory words that relates to your object or place • Mood: • Sights: • Smells: • Sounds: • Tastes: • Touch: • Thoughts: • I see ___________ • I smell _________ • I hear __________ • I feel ___________ • I taste __________ • I think __________

Finished Product I see sage-covered desert I smell the freshness of the morning I hear the scream of the hawk I feel the caress of a breeze I taste the dew on the wind I think the new day is born • After you have written out the sentences, remove the pronouns, verbs, and articles Sage-covered desert Freshness of morning Scream of the hawk Dew of the wind New day born

Homework • Bring a picture of the object/place you described in your sense poem • Next time we will share our poems with the pictures • These pictures and poems will go into your poetry file

Verbal Irony: when a speaker says one thing but means another Dramatic Irony: when the audience understands something that the characters do not Situational Irony: when something happens but a reversal of the expectations or outcome occurs Irony

When a speaker says one thing but means another. Verbal Irony

Dramatic Irony • When an event occurs whose significance the audience understands but the characters do not. • For example: in Romeo and Juliet when Romeo thinks Juliet is dead but the audience knows she is just knocked out by a sleeping potion.

How does this demonstrate irony? What types of irony are being used here? http://www.webertube.com/video/7779/chu-chi-face Chitty Chitty bang bang

Not Ironic: • “It’s like ten thousand spoons when all you need is a knife” –Alanis Morissette’s “Ironic” • Why isn’t it ironic? It’s just an unfortunate scenario; there is no reversal of expectations. The Oatmeal

Isn’t It Ironic—Alanis Morissette • An old man turned ninety-eightHe won the lottery and died the next dayIt's a black fly in your ChardonnayIt's a death row pardon two minutes too lateAnd isn't it ironic... don't you thinkIt's like rain on your wedding dayIt's a free ride when you've already paidIt's the good advice that you just didn't takeWho would've thought... it figuresMr. Play It Safe was afraid to flyHe packed his suitcase and kissed his kids goodbyeHe waited his whole damn life to take that flightAnd as the plane crashed down he thought"Well isn't this nice..."And isn't it ironic... don't you thinkIt's like rain on your wedding dayIt's a free ride when you've already paidIt's the good advice that you just didn't takeWho would've thought... it figuresWell life has a funny way of sneaking up on youWhen you think everything's okay and everything's going rightAnd life has a funny way of helping you out whenYou think everything's gone wrong and everything blows upIn your faceA traffic jam when you're already lateA no-smoking sign on your cigarette breakIt's like ten thousand spoons when all you need is a knifeIt's meeting the man of my dreamsAnd then meeting his beautiful wifeAnd isn't it ironic...don't you thinkA little too ironic...and, yeah, I really do think...It's like rain on your wedding dayIt's a free ride when you've already paidIt's the good advice that you just didn't takeWho would've thought... it figuresLife has a funny way of sneaking up on youLife has a funny, funny way of helping you outHelping you out

Ironic: this was posted on facebook • Love your site! I am a stickler for grammar, punctuation, and spelling; not hard to understand yet some people still don’t get it…glad your educating the minions… • Why is it ironic? • Having read my grammar comics and being a self –proclaimed grammar stickler, you’d expect this person to know the proper usage of your. The Oatmeal

Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind. Because your lover threw wild hands toward the sky And the affrighted steed ran on alone, Do not weep. War is kind. Hoarse, booming drums of the regiment, Little souls who thirst for fight, These men were born to drill and die. The unexplained glory flies above them, Great is the Battle-God, great, and his Kingdom— A field where a thousand corpses lie. Do not weep, babe, for war is kind. Because your father tumbled in the yellow trenches, Raged at his breast, gulped, and died, Do not weep. War is kind. Swift blazing flag of the regiment, Eagle with crest of red and gold, These men were born to drill and die. Point for them the virtue of slaughter, Make plain to them the excellence of killing And a field where a thousand corpses lie. Mother whose heart hung humble as a button On the bright splendid shroud of your son, Do not weep. War is kind. Journal # ? April 4, 2011: What is ironic about this poem? What type of irony is it? What is the author trying to accomplish? (why does he use irony, what is the overall effect?) War is Kind by Stephen Crane

Satire and Parody Satire Parody • A literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn or ridicule. • A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing • To imitate (a composition, author, etc.) for purposes of ridicule or satire

Satire Parody • Something spoken in humor without reproducing the subject directly. • More subtle, involves mockery but without mimicry. • Makes a serious point through humor • A mimicry of an established concept, idea, or a person • Just mimicry, only reflecting the actual subjects

Satire Parody • Depicts an anger or frustration • Stands for a social or political change • Stand for changing society • Just pure entertainment • Does not contain anything serious; just fun for fun’s sake • Stand for fun and making fun

The Butter Battle The Sneetches The Lorax Yertle the Turtle Satire

All 90 plays in 90 minutes Parody

Rhythm and Parallelism • Authors create rhythm using parallel structure • Parallel structure gives writing a musical quality that adds emphasis and sound to central images. • Example: from the Bible (Ruth I.16): • Where thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. (Scofield[1945]) • Example: from Carl Sagan’s Cosmos: • The Cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever will be. Our feeblest contemplations of the Cosmos stir us—there is a tingling in the spine, a catch in the voice, a faint sensation, as if a distant memory of falling from a height. We know we are approaching the greatest of mysteries.

Correcting Faulty Parallelism • The bowl was filled with crisp apples, juicy oranges, and bananas that were ripe. • CORRECT: The bowl was filled with crisp apples, juicy oranges, and ripe bananas. • My neighbor likes to plant a garden, watering it, and even to week it. • CORRECT: My neighbor likes to plant a garden, to water it, and even to weed it. • The moviegoers talked and were rattling popcorn boxes during the film. • CORRECT: The moviegoers talked and rattled popcorn boxes during the film.

Literal Repetition • Writers repeat the exact same words to create an echo and trancelike refrain. • “The Tell-Tale Heart” Edgar Allan Poe • I talked more quickly—more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued about trifles, in a high key with gesticulations, but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observation of the men—but the noise steadily increased.

Grammatical Repetitions • Repeats identical grammatical structures, but with different words. • Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln • But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what we did here.

Practice • The young boy, who is very talented, can sing, dance, and knows how to play the piano. • The most popular items on the buffet table were shrimp that were steamed, barbecued wings, and marinated steak tips. • Their intelligence, playfulness, and being friendly make dolphins appeal to people of all ages. • Hawaii is famous for its beaches that are beautiful, warm climate, and exotic atmosphere. • Before leaving for work, Teresa exercises, eats breakfast, and the dog is fed.

Grammatical Rhythms in Paragraphs • This sentence has five words. This is five words too. Five word sentences are fine. But several together become monotonous. Listen to what is happening. The writing is getting boring. The sound of it drones. It’s like a stuck record. The ear demands some variety. Now listen. I vary the sentence length and I create music. Music. The writing sings. It has a pleasant rhythm, a lilt, a harmony. I use short sentences. And I use sentences of medium length. And sometimes when I am certain the reader is rested I will engage him with a sentence of considerable length, a sentence that burns with energy and builds with all the impetus of a crescendo, the roll of the drums, the crash of the symbols, and sounds that say listen to this, it is important.

The Charge of the Light Brigade Lord Alfred Tennyson Rhythm and Parallelism in Poetry This poem was written to memorialize a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain by British forces in the Battle of Balaclava (Ukraine) in the Crimean War (1854-56). 247 men of the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded. Britain entered the war, which was fought by Russia against Turkey, Britain and France, because Russia sought to control the Dardanelles. Russian control of the Dardanelles threatened British sea routes.

Charge of the Light Brigade Half a league half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred: ‘Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns’ he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. ‘Forward, the Light Brigade!’ Was there a man dismay’d? Not tho’ the soldier knew Some one had blunder’d: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do & die, Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred

Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley’d & thunder’d; Storm’d at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred. Flash’d all their sabres bare, Flash’d as they tunr’d in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army while All the world wonder’d: Plunged in the battery-smoke Right thro’ the line they broke Cossack & Russian Reel’d from the sabre-stroke, Shatter’d & sunder’d. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred.

Cannon to right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon behind them Volley’d and thunder’d; Storm’d at with shot and shell, While horse & hero fell, They that had fought so well Came thro’ the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? The wild charge they made! All the world wonder’d. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade

There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man’s fears, and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area which we cal…THE TWILIGHT ZONE. (Zicree 1989, 31) The Twilight Zone

There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as ______________ as ____________ and as ___________ as ____________. It is the ____________ ____________ _____________ between ___________ and _________, between __________ and ____________, and it lies between the ____________ of ___________ _____________, and the ____________ of his/her ____________. This is the dimension of ____________. It is an area which we call… THE ___________ ZONE. Create an imaginary zone, filling in the blanks to create a parody of the original Twilight Zone. The Twilight Zone Imitation

Journal: • Fill in the blanks to create the rhythm of parallel structure • Choose one of the two: • Some days you ___________ __________. Some days you ___________ __________. Some days you ___________ ____________. Some days you __________ ___________ ____________ ____________. Some days are made for _______________. • This is a (man/woman) who ____________, a (man/woman) who ______________, and a (man/woman) who ______________. This is _________.

Literary Elements