Cities Throughout History

1. Cities Throughout History Ancient Cities : Walled, Temples and Palaces in Middle, settlements surrounding. Graves outside the cities, well planned, narrow passages City States: Trade oriented, diffused along the Mediterranean Roman Cities: Connected by roads Medieval Cities: Walled cities in Europe, supported by surplus from rural areas

3. Modern World Cities Headquarters of Major Banks and other financial institutions Higher % of affluent Clustering of major corporations Disproportionately high # of fine dining, plays, opera, pro. sports teams, clubs, bars, etc. Headquarters for trade organizations, professional organizations, multinational organizations

4. Hierarchy of Cities

5. Why Downtown? • CBD • Accessibility… • High land costs • Underground … • Peak Value Intersection • Skyscrapers • Vertical Geography • Clustering (agllomeration) • Financial analysts near brokerage firms; lawyers • Traditionally High Threshold businesses… • Ex: Goldsmiths, Bry’s, Sears, Wollworth • Traditionally High Range businesses…

6. Downtown Today • What other businesses are located downtown? • Financial, government, legal… • Lunch… • New downtown malls… • Ban motor vehicles… • Entertainment Districts… • Sports • Downtown living has declined… • Manufacturing decline has led to… • Empty nesters and “yuppies”

7. Land Costs in CBD • Most high in world cities… • Ex: Tokyo business men – hotels Intensive Land Use • Space is used below and… Skyscrapers • Sense of place… • Rent differs… • Dominates skylines worldwide Europe • Narrow streets and lowrise… • Parks in the center… • Limitations on cars and… • Preservation of historic CBD

8. Why the Suburbs? Historic emphasis on neighborhoods and downtown has been replaced by suburbanization • After WWII the transportation changed • Prosperity • Leisure to… • Streetcars… • Enabled people and business… • Retailers and people went where land was abundant and cheaper • Neighborhood grocers have been replaced by… • Downtown shopping has been replaced by… • Factories abandoned 2-4 story CBD sites for large… • Technology encouraged service businesses… • Geography of nowhere???

10. Where Have Cities Grown?

11. Urbanization

15. Physical Definitions of a City City Self-Governing unit Urbanized Area Density is greater than 1000/sq. mile 70% of US (30 city, 40 surrounding areas) Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop. Of at least 50,000 The county within which the city is located Adjacent Counties w/high pop. And large% of residents working in the county the city is in Micropolitan Statistical Area Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 (Considered Rural) Overlapping Metropolitan Areas (Conurbation) Megalopolis, (Boswash, Tokaido, Jakota Triangle)

17. Where Are People Distributed Within Cities? Models of Urban Structure

18. Concentric Zone Model Sociologist E.W. Burgess

19. Sector Model Economist Homer Hoyt

20. Multiple Nuclei Model Geographers Harris and Ullman

24. European Cities

25. Less Developed Cities Precolonial Cities Colonial Cities Cities Since Independence

29. Latin American Model Geographers Griffin and Ford

30. http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1

31. http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1

32. Squatter Settlements Barrios – Mexico, Central America Barriadas – (Spanish) South America Favelas – Brazil (Portuguese) Bidonvilles – North Africa Bustees – India Gecekondu – Turkey Kampongs – Malaysia Barong-Barong – Phillipines

33. Inner-City Economic Problems • Loss of Tax Revenue Do to Suburbanization • Funding Gap • Federal Tax Cuts • Annexation of Peripheral Land • Prohibition Challenges • Too much annexation???

34. Chicago, IL

35. Inner City Physical Problems • Deterioration • Filtering • Redlining • Carter to Fanie Mae • Urban Renewel • Public Housing • Gov. Subsidies • Cluster vs. “Scatter-site” • Renovated Housing • Gentrification

36. Inner City Social Problems • Underclass • High rates of… • Lack of Job Skills • Homelessness • Poverty Cycle • Family Decay • Crime • Ethnic and Racial Segregation

37. Suburban Sprawl and Smart Growth

38. Suburban Challenges • Costs to the inner core • Roads and utilities must be extended • Aesthetic loss (parking lots, Geog. Of Nowhere) • Loss of Agricultural land • Suburban Segregation • Zoning ordinances • Income segregation • Reliance on Personal transportation • Rush hour commuting

40. Peripheral Model

41. Cleveland, Ohio

43. New Urbanism and Smart Growth Purpose: Limit Sprawl Reduce Traffic Congestion Reverse Inner-City Decline Compact and Contiguous Development Protection of Rural farm, Recreation, and Wildlife areas