Chapter 20 Section 1 Roman Arts and Engineering

1. Chapter 20 Section 1Roman Arts and Engineering

2. Standards • S.S. 6.7.8 • Describe the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law. • ELA Reading 6.2.7 • Make reasonable assertions about a text through accurate, supporting citations.

3. Anticipatory Set • What advances in art and engineering have we seen across the curriculum? • In Egypt? • In China? • In India?

4. Objective • Students will learn about Roman achievements in art, architecture, and technology. They will also read about science and medicine in the Roman Empire.

5. Language of the Discipline • Mosaic • Aqueduct • Claudius Ptolemy • Hypatia • Dissect

6. Art and Architecture (Input) • Greek art and architecture had great influence on the Romans • The Romans did not copy the Greeks • They constructed buildings and created artwork that fit the Roman needs and tastes

7. Painting and Sculpture (Input) • Art filled many homes and public buildings in Roman towns • Floors were decorated with mosaics • A mosaic is a design formed with small tiles of glass, stone, or pottery. • Many homes had decorative wall murals • Sculpture was popular as well • Statues of gods and important officials stood in markets, temples, and other public places.

8. Painting and Sculpture (Input) • In contrast to Greek artists who tried to show perfect beauty, the Romans were more realistic • Skillful artisans used various materials to make beautiful everyday objects • They crafted vases and jars of blue glass and mirrors of polished silver • Animal bone was used in combs and pins • Romans wore jewelry made of silver, gold, and gems

9. Painting and Sculpture (Input)

10. Buildings and Bridges (Input) • Roman architects based their designs on Greek models • These architects went on to devise new building materials and methods • One innovation was the invention of concrete • Concrete is a building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water. • This mix was poured into forms and would then harden • Concrete was lighter and easier to work with than stone • Workers needed less skill to pour concrete than to carve stone

11. Buildings and Bridges (Input) • Using this new material, workers were able to design large open structures covered with domes • One of the most famous being the Pantheon • Concrete was also used in Rome’s Colosseum • An outdoor arena where 50,000 people could watch gladiator battles, wild beast hunts, and criminals being put to death • It could also be filled with water for make-believe sea battles • A rounded arch is the most typical feature of Roman structures. They were over roadways and on the walls of the Colosseum • All across the empire, Roman soldiers and engineers build sturdy bridges supported by rounded arches

12. Buildings and Bridges (Input)

13. Technology and Science (Input) • The Romans were practical people • The excelled at using technology to improve daily life • Some roads, bridges, and water systems they built are still in use today

14. Roman Roads (Input) • “All Roads lead to Rome” is an old saying • Major roads extended to and from the city of Rome like spokes of a wheel • More than 50,000 miles of straight, paved roads crisscrossed the empire • The roads linked cities and military forts • They were built to last a long time and we use some of Rome’s routes today • The roads were built to move the army from place to place

15. Roman Roads (Input) • Military engineers, architects, stonemasons, and surveyors traveled with the army • Soldiers turned into road builders when not fighting • All roads had the same pattern • Straight • A layer of large flat stones was laid in the bottom of the roadbed • Smaller stones and gravel were laid on top • The surface was covered with paving stone, crushed rock, or concrete • Roads had a slight hump in the middle so that water would drain during storms

16. Roman Roads (Input)

17. Roman Roads (Input) • Smooth all-weather roads were an improvement from dirt paths • The roads sped up communication • Messengers on horseback could travel up to 75 miles a day, making government and trade more efficient • Roads made it possible for people to see the world

18. Water Systems (Input) • Roman engineers designed elaborate water systems to supply towns with clean water • They built hundreds of miles of canals and aqueducts to move water from mountain springs to the plans below • An aqueduct is a structure for carrying water across land • Roman aqueducts looked like long bridges • Water ran on one level in a covered channel. A second level served as a road • Once in the city , water flowed in to lead pipes • Some ran to the public fountains. Most people got their water from these sources

19. Water Systems (Input) • The wealthy had water piped into their homes • Other pipes supplied public baths. In these bathhouses, heating systems under the floors supplied warm or hot water to different soaking pools • They also built sewer systems to carry waste away from the cities • No one could come up with a better sewer system until modern times

20. Water Systems (Input)

21. Science (Input) • One important scientist of this time influenced how people viewed the universe for the next 1,200 years • Greek astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy wrote a famous book on astronomy called Almagest where he used mathematics to show that earth is the center of the universe • The sun, moon, and other planets revolved around the Earth according to him (not true but believed for centuries) • A popular scholar named Hypatia was a teacher of philosophy , astronomy, mathematics, and religion

22. Science (Input) • Many Christians were suspicious of science and rumor has it Hypatia was murdered by a Christian mob • She is remembered as the first woman to be noted for excellence in mathematics

23. Medicine (Input) • During the rule of Caesars, physicians continued to make advances in medicine • The best known physician in the Roman Empire was a Greek doctor named Claudius Galen • Early on his patients were gladiators • Later he became the physician of three emperors • Galen is remembered today for his use of experiments to expand medical knowledge • He carefully dissected, or cut open, animals such as monkeys, pigs, sheep, and goats to study how bodies function

24. Medicine (Input) • He was the first to discover that arteries and veins carry blood, not air, as had been believed for hundreds of years • Doctors used Galen’s writings on anatomy for more than a thousand years

25. Check for Understanding • Please determine the BEST answer for the following question. • Please write your answer on your white boards and wait for the teacher’s signal. • On the teacher’s signal, hold up your white boards.

26. Checking for Understanding #1 Fill in the blank • _______________ a structure for carrying water across land • aqueduct

27. Checking for Understanding #2 Answer the following question. • What innovation did the Romans come up with to help them with architecture? • The Romans invented concrete, which was easier to work with than stone

28. Checking for Understanding #3 Answer the following question. • Which important scientist influenced how people viewed the universe? • Claudius Ptolemy influenced how people view the universe

29. Guided Practice/Independent Practice • Guided Practice • Complete questions 1 - 2 on the reading comprehension worksheet. • Raise your hand and wait to get stamped. • If you received an “R” go to the back table with Ms. Graham. • Independent Practice • Once you have been stamped moved to independent practice and complete numbers 3and 4on the reading comprehension worksheet. • Homework • Note-taking guide on the reverse side.