Chapter 20 Section 2

1. Chapter 20Section 2 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

2. Revolutions in France • In 1830 and 48, street protests turned into full-scale revolts that followed that of 1789. Started in Paris and spread across the country. • When Louis XVIII was put back into power, he had a Constitution, the Charter of French Liberties, that gave limited freedoms to the people and set up a two house legislative system.

3. The July Revolution • Charles X (Louis XVIII’s brother) took over and suspended rights and the legislature. • Radicals and Liberals revolted in Paris. Blocked off the streets and attacked soldiers. Charles abdicated and the tri colors flew within days. • Radicals wanted a Republic, but Moderates set up a Constitutional Monarchy with Louis Philippe as King. • He supported the revolution and was called the citizen king. Friends with the bourgeoisie, dressed like them and talked with them on the streets. • Middle class and bourgeoisie prospered and gained rights. The poor workers had nothing.

4. Spirit of Reform Spreads • Revolution spreads (“when France sneezes, Europe catches a cold”). Not all were successful, but did frighten rulers and bring about change. • In 1815, the Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands. The Belgians did not like being controlled by the Dutch (different languages, religions, and economies). • Belgian students and workers revolted and took Brussels. Great Britain and France supported this. • In 1831, Belgium becomes independent with a liberal constitution.

5. Revolt Fails in Poland • Polish revolt in 1830 but it is unsuccessful. • Land was controlled by the Russians, the Austrians, and the Prussians. • In 1830, Polish students, workers and landowners revolted against the Russians. They were crushed by the Russian military. • Some fled to Western Europe and the America’s to get their freedom.

6. Louis Philippe, The Successful Belgian Revolution and The unsuccessful Polish Revolution

7. French Revolution of 1848 • In the 1840s, discontent grows in France. • Government is corrupt, want voting rights, suffering from a recession, bread shortage, bad harvests, blaming of gov’t officials. • In Feb 1848, the gov’t tries to silence critics and prevent public meetings. People protest in the streets. • February Days - protestors blocked the streets and sang their revolutionary anthem. • Louis Philippe abdicated and the Second Republic (1st was during Napoleon) was set up. • Liberal, radicals, and socialists all disagreed about what the government should focus on.

8. The Working Class Loses - June Days • By June, upper and middle class interests controlled the government. • Working class was upset when the government closed down workshops that provided jobs. • Farmers and workers took to the streets, but the bourgeois turned against them, as did the peasants for fear of losing their land. • About 1500 people were killed before the revolt was put down by the government • Class differences remained.

9. A New Napoleon • In 1848, the National Assembly issued a new Constitution for the Second Republic • Strong President, 1 house legislature, suffrage to all adult men. • New elected President was Louis Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew). • Working class liked him (help with poverty) and the conservatives like him (old name = order and French glory. • In 1852, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III and ended the Second Republic. • Used his plebiscite to win public approval. Many support the Monarchy and econ growth occurs.

10. Revolution Throughout Europe • 1848 Revolt in Paris spreads through Europe. • Middle class wanted rights, workers wanted better conditions and nationalists wanted independence. • Workers and Students protest in Austria. Metternich fled. • Hungarians follow journalist, Louis Kossuth, who demanded independence, end to serfdom, and a Constitution to protect basic rights. • The Czechs make similar demands in Prague. • Austrian government gives in and grants reforms. Later, the Austrian troops crush these rebels in Vienna, Budapest and Prague.

11. Revolts in Italy and Germany • Nationalists in Italy want to end Hapsburg domination and set up a constitutional gov’t. • Italians set up independent Republics, expel the Pope from Rome, and install a nationalist gov’t. • Austrians, French and local rulers put these revolts down in Italy. • Students in the German States demand national unity and reform (recession and potato famine). • Prussian King William IV passes reforms but takes them away within a year. • Frankfurt Assembly decides to give Prussia’s Frederick William IV control of a united Germany. • He does not accept and by 1850 rebellion ends. • Did not work: military resistance, not all supported.