Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

1. Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim Chapter 34 By: Jade Carroll, Cielo Delarosa, Nikki Duaban, Jordan Gamble, Daniel Klinger, and Nicole Perman

2. Japan Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki • Devastated by the war • It was occupied by the United States. • General Douglass MacArthur was the head of general occupation. • Americans introduced reforms to Japan. • Broke up the large estates that were beneficial to small farmers. • Severely weakened police and military forces. • Formed democratic processes over time. • In the new Constitution, Parliament was placed over the Emperor. • Liberal Democratic partymonopolized Japan’s Government. • Selective Westernization

3. Korea(North) • The Soviets sponsored the Peoples Democratic Republic of Korea in the North • The North became Communist • North led by: Kim Il-Sung

4. Korea(South) • The South became Democratic with the Central Government still in authority. • South led by: Syngman Rhee • The Americans sponsored the Republic of Korea the South

5. Korean War • Allies agreed for Korea to become independent. • The Soviet and U.S. joint occupation evolved into two separate countries • The North attacked the South, US defended the South, and the Korean War Began • Led by MacArthur • Members of the UN came and took action against North Korea

6. Korean War(continued) • Chinese Volunteers fought the Americans • Americans pushed back the North Koreans • The Korean front stopped at the original Korean border • Armistice was signed to restore the border between the two nations, ending right where they started: 38th parallel • Cease fire signed, Korean war officially ended

7. Taiwan • Chinese wanted to conquer Taiwan but couldn’t due to their lack of a navy • High tensions between the two • Chinese bombarded two nationalist islands • US and Chinese reached an agreement • US convinced Nationalists not to attack China • Taiwan became a prosperous nation

8. Hong Kong& Singapore • Hong Kong remained a British colony after WWII • Hong Kong’s Chinese population greatly increased because of emigrants • Hong Kong given to China in 1997 • Singapore was owned by the British after WWII • Singapore became an independent nation in 1965 • Singapore was a large British naval base until 1971

9. The Pacific Rim: More Japans? • New Economic Dynamics • South Korea • Military Ranks • Political Positions • Protest Syngman Rhee

10. Development from top down • Emphasis on Economic Growth • Matching Japan • Steel • Hyundai • Chung Ju Yung • Ships, Schools, Houses, a Technical College, and Martial Arts Arena • General Changes • Population Soared • Emigrations • Pollution • Mild Poverty

11. Advances in Taiwan and the City-States • Economic Development • Agriculture & Industry • Communist Involvement • Economic Planning • Education • Changes • Medical Practices • Religion • Concerns • U.S. Recognizes the People’s Republic of China • Decreased Commitment • Unofficial Contacts • American Institute in Taiwan • Coordination Council for North American Affairs • Asian Governments • Politics • Beijing • Chiang Ching-kuo • Reduced Social Gap • No Political Diversity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rra4_Glgw10

12. Mao’s China: Vanguard of World Revolution?

13. Chiang Kai-shek vs. the Communist – 1930s • Chiang focused on communist – Japanese invade • Allied w/ communist • Communist take advantage of invasion • Took coastal areas • Japanese destroy Nationalist forces • Communist guerilla warfare • Civil War- Communist won • Shift in allegiance • Chiang retreats to Formosa (Taiwan) • Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China

14. Chiang Kai-shek vs. the Communist – 1930s (cont.) • Why Mao successful? • Land, education, health care reforms • Mao’s army won support over peasantry; Chiang’s army is abusive • Guerilla warfare = better chance for success • Peasants convinced programs would better their lives

15. The Communist Come to Power • Communist wanted power • Created party cadres and People’s Liberation Army • Military officials • Superiority in east Asia • Secessionist movements in Mongolia and Tibet • North vs. South Korea • U.S. • Threatened to invade Nationalist’s Taiwan • Liberation struggle of Vietnamese • Soviet Union and China broke down -1950 • China defeated India - 1960

16. Economic Growth and Social Justice • Rural areas taken under communist rule • Communist controlled Japanese and Guomindang • Landlords disposed • 3 million people executed • Redistributed lands to peasants • Industrialization • Focus on urbanization • Turned away from peasants • Centralization • Increase in bureaucratic power • Change in strategy -1950 • Mass line

17. Women’s Rights • Mao Zedong and wife, Jiang Qing • Revolutionary Strategy • Nationalist resistance • Madam Chiang Kai-shek • May 4th Intellectuals • End footbinding • campaigns • Women win equality • Education/career opportunities • Marriage • Some keep traditional attitude

18. Mao’s Last Campaign – Fall of the Gang of Four • Mao tries to regain power • After Mao’s death – pragmatists take over • Achievements of communist regime • Challenge – continue growth/living conditions

19. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam

20. French Control of Vietnam • Interested since 17th century – failed to take Japan • Missionaries attract civil wars • French protection • 18th century – French supported Nguyen Anh • Northern Trinh and Southern Nguyen toppled • New Nguyen Anh unites Vietnam • Confucian city in Beijing • Eventually take Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia • Infighting • Take advantage of trade

21. Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival • Nguyen family loses credibility • Unable to push out French • Confucianism pushed out • New Middle class • French educated • French stopped attempts at peaceful resistance • Vietnamese Nationalist Party • Communist party of Vietnam

22. War of Liberation Against the French • Viet Minh in the north • End of Japanese rule • Peasant class appeal • Vo Nguyen Giap • Guerilla tactics • Offset French and Japanese • Advance into Red River Delta • Control Hanoi • No control of South • France • Viet Minh gains countryside; French keep towns • 1954: Capture Dien Bien Phu • 1954 Geneva Conference

23. The War of Liberation Against the U.S. • Geneva • Cooperation between Viet Minh and U.S. • Fame of Ho Chi Minh • Ngo Dinh Diem • Viet Cong threatened • U.S. support for Diem’s military • 1970 – U.S. negotiation with Vietnam • Communist unite Vietnam under single government

24. After Victory • Fail to revolutionize • Isolation • Chinese border clashes • Similarities and Differences to China • Weak and impoverished • Collapse of Communist regimes • Vietnam struggles • Sweatshops • Social inequality • Public service/free education decline