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WWII Home Front

WWII Home Front. A. Military Mobilization. Enlistment in the Military. Draft Reinstated This time they were screened Became known as “GIs” 13 million men served. Women in the Service. WAC & WAVES formed as auxiliary units Jobs: Medical Aid Pilots Cryptography Administrative Duties.

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WWII Home Front

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  1. WWII Home Front

  2. A. Military Mobilization

  3. Enlistment in the Military • Draft Reinstated • This time they were screened • Became known as “GIs” • 13 million men served

  4. Women in the Service • WAC & WAVES formed as auxiliary units • Jobs: • Medical Aid • Pilots • Cryptography • Administrative Duties

  5. Minorities in the ServiceAfrican Americans • 1 million served in segregated non-combat units • Faced Discrimination • Tuskegee Airmen • 332nd Fighter Group

  6. Minorities in the ServiceNative Americans • Over 25,000 served • Served as “Code Talkers” • Most famous were the Navajo Navajo Code Talkers

  7. B. Economic Mobilization

  8. Office for War Mobilization (OWM) • In charge of coordinating all of the new war agencies

  9. War Production Board • Regulated the production and allocation of materials and fuel • It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, and plastics

  10. Office of War Information • “Informed” people about the war • Used the press, radio, and film industry

  11. Financing the War • $250 million per day to fight • Beginning of National Debt • 1941 - $49 billion → 1945 - $259 billion

  12. 2/5 was pay as we go, 3/5 was borrowed

  13. Ways that the war was financed: • Taxes: 1941 – 4 million tax returns filed 1945 – 50 million tax returns filed • War Bonds: Over $185.7 billion sold because of effective propaganda campaign

  14. Effect on the Economy • Factories operated around the clock for 7 days a week, but are producing less consumer goods than are demanded • Shift to defense spending which would continue until the end of the Cold War • Created a shift in the population to the “Sunbelt” region (CA & some areas of the South)

  15. Women & Rosie the Riveter • Over 5 million women went to work • Rosie propaganda encouraged women to work • Industrial jobs were just a variation of domestic tasks • Still earned less than men • Forced back into homes after war

  16. Other New Workers • Bracero Program (1942): brought 200,000 Mexicans into the U.S for short-term employment Bracero Workers

  17. War Labor Board • Sought to maintain relations between workers and management • Union membership increased to 30% of industrial workers • 1943 United Mine Workers Strike prompted more government action John L. Lewis

  18. Smith-Connolly Antistrike Act (1943) • Gave the President the authority to end strikes • Gov’t could take control of mines or penalize the strikers

  19. C. Controlling Inflation

  20. The Inflation Problem ↑ employment = ↑$ ↑$ + ↓Consumer goods = INFLATION

  21. Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Created to deal with inflation • Froze prices and rent • Rationed scarce supplies

  22. Certificate: Apply for permission to buy a product If approved you got a certificate Coupon: Families were issued coupon books to buy more common items No coupon, no buying Types of Rationing

  23. Volunteerism & Recycling • Americans voluntarily gave up some goods to help the war effort • Recycling began to conserve resources

  24. Anti-Inflation measures were successful WWI inflation was 170% WWII inflation was 29%

  25. D. Discrimination in America

  26. African-Americans:Double V Campaign • Allied victory abroad & civil rights victory at home • Led by A. Phillip Randolph • March on Washington Movement 1941

  27. Executive Order 8802 • Established the Fair Employment Practices Committee • Ended discrimination in the defense industry • 1st federal law to promote equal opportunities

  28. Race Riots • Tensions in cities • Violence plagued 47 cities • Detroit 1942: worst race riot

  29. Mexican-Americans and the Zoot Suit Riots (1943) • Young Mexican-Americans wore clothing called “Zoot Suits” • June 1943 violence erupted between the sailors and Zoot Suiters

  30. E. Japanese Internment

  31. American View of Japanese-Americans 1942

  32. Executive Order 9066 • Japanese on the West Coast seen as potential spies • February 19, 1942 FDR orders all Japanese-Americans (Issei & Niesi) to “relocation camps” • Over 110,000 Japanese-Americans rounded up

  33. Santa Anita Assembly Center

  34. The Camps • 10 Locations in 7 states

  35. Korematsu v. the United States (1944) • Supreme Court decision that upheld the internment of the Japanese as constitutional

  36. Greatest Civil Rights Violation • $105 million of farmland lost • $500 million in yearly income lost • Unknown amounts of personal property • No act of sabotage ever proven against the internees

  37. Reparations and Apology • 1988 – Reagan finally apologizes • 1990 – Congress authorizes $20,000 to each surviving internee

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