1 / 90

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function. Chapter 23. Diseases of the Veins. Varicose veins A vein in which blood has pooled Distended, tortuous, and palpable veins Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention. Varicose Veins. Diseases of the Veins. Chronic venous insufficiency

mcgrail
Download Presentation

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function Chapter 23

  2. Diseases of the Veins • Varicose veins • A vein in which blood has pooled • Distended, tortuous, and palpable veins • Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention

  3. Varicose Veins

  4. Diseases of the Veins • Chronic venous insufficiency • Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence • Venous stasis ulcers

  5. Diseases of the Veins • Deep venous thrombosis • Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure • Factors* • Venous stasis • Venous endothelial damage • Hypercoagulable states *Virchow’s triad

  6. Diseases of the Veins • Superior vena cava syndrome • Progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of upper extremities and head • Oncologic emergency

  7. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Hypertension* • Primary hypertension • Essential or idiopathic hypertension • Genetic and environmental factors • Affects 92% to 95% of individuals with hypertension *Review Table 23-1

  8. Primary Hypertension

  9. Risk factors for Primary Hypertension • Family history • Advancing age • Cigarette smoking • Obesity • Heavy alcohol consumption • Gender(men>women before age 55, women> men after 55) • Black race • High dietary Na+ • Low dietary K+, Ca,++,Mg++ • Glucose intolerance

  10. Review Health Alerts The RAAS & Cardiovascular Disease-P.588 Obesity & HTN- P.589

  11. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Secondary hypertension • Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output • Isolated systolic hypertension • Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both

  12. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Complicated hypertension • Chronic hypertensive damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels • Smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media • Malignant hypertension • Rapidly progressive hypertension • Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg

  13. Results of Uncontrolled HTN* The 3 Cs • Coronary Artery Disease • Cerebral Vascular Disease • Chronic Renal Failure • *Table 23-2

  14. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Orthostatic (postural) hypotension • Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing • Lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation • Acute orthostatic hypotension • Chronic orthostatic hypotension

  15. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Aneurysm • Local dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber • True aneurysms • Fusiform aneurysms • Circumferential aneurysms • False aneurysms • Saccular aneurysms

  16. Aneurysms • Arterial

  17. AAA Apical Aneurysm

  18. Dissecting Thoracic Aneurysm

  19. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Thrombus formation • Blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall • Thromboembolus • Thrombophlebitis • Arterial thrombi • Venous thrombi

  20. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Embolism • Bolus of matter that is circulated in the bloodstream • Dislodged thrombus, air bubble, amniotic fluid, aggregate of fat, bacteria, cancer cells, or a foreign substance

  21. Peripheral Artery Disease • Thromboangiitisobliterans(Buerger disease) • Occurs mainly in young men who smoke • Inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries resulting in the formation of nonatherosclerotic lesions • Digital, tibial, plantar, ulnar, and palmar arteries • Obliterates the small and medium-sized arteries

  22. Peripheral Artery Disease • Thromboangiitisobliterans(Buerger disease) • Causes pain, tenderness, and hair loss in the affected area • Symptoms are caused by slow, sluggish blood flow • Can often lead to gangrenous lesions

  23. Peripheral Artery Disease • Raynaud phenomenonand Raynaud disease • Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers, less commonly the toes • Raynauddisease is a primary vasospasticdisorder of unknown origin

  24. Peripheral Artery Disease • Raynaud phenomenon and Raynauddisease • Raynaudphenomenon is secondary to other systemic diseases or conditions • Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma), smoking, pulmonary hypertension, myxedema, and environmental factors (cold and prolonged exposure to vibrating machinery)

  25. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Arteriosclerosis • Chronic disease of the arterial system • Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls: loss ofelastacity • Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica intima

  26. Arteriosclerosis

  27. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Atherosclerosis • Form of arteriosclerosis • Thickening and hardening is caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall • Plaque development

  28. KFC-Double Down520 calories,329g fat,1380mg Na

  29. USDA - 2011 • Recommendations Double Down • 1800 Cal diet: 40-70g fat329g fat • 20-35% Calories/day • Sodium: 1500mg/day 1380mg • 2300mg/day 1500mg/day-newly recommended

  30. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Atherosclerosis • Progression • Inflammation of endothelium • Cellular proliferation • Macrophage migration • LDL oxidation (foam cell formation) • Fatty streak • Fibrous plaque • Complicated plaque

  31. Atherosclerosis

  32. Atherosclerosis

  33. Vessel-Blocking Plaques

  34. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins • Peripheral artery disease “PAD” • Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that perfuse the limbs

  35. Peripheral Arterial Disease • Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse limbs • Intermittent claudication

  36. Coronary Artery Disease* • Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries • Atherosclerosis is the most common cause *Review Health Alert & Dyslipidemia – P 598

  37. Coronary Artery Disease • Risk factors: modifiable • Dyslipidemia • Hypertension • Cigarette smoking • Diabetes mellitus • Obesity/sedentary lifestyle • Atherogenic diet

  38. Low-density Lipoproteins(BAD)

  39. Coronary Artery Disease • Nontraditional risk factors • Markers of inflammation and thrombosis • C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, protein C, and plasminogen activator inhibitor • Hyperhomocysteinemia • Infection

  40. Coronary Artery Disease • Myocardial ischemia • Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply • Stabile angina • Prinzmetal angina • Silent ischemia

  41. Myocardial Ischemia

  42. Coronary Artery Disease • Acute coronary syndromes • Transient ischemia • Unstable angina • Sustained ischemia • Myocardial infarction • STEMI or non-STEMI • Myocardial inflammation and necrosis

  43. Myocardial Infarction

  44. Coronary Artery Disease • Myocardial infarction • Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply • Subendocardial infarction • Transmural infarction

  45. Myocardial Infarction • Cellular injury • Cellular death • Structural and functional changes • Myocardial stunning • Hibernating myocardium • Myocardial remodeling • Repair

  46. Myocardial Infarction

More Related