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MGTO 324 Recruitment and Selections

MGTO 324 Recruitment and Selections. Measurement: Basic concepts in testing Kin Fai Ellick Wong Ph.D. Department of Management of Organizations Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. Prologue. After recruiting, employers have to decide who should be hired

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MGTO 324 Recruitment and Selections

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  1. MGTO 324 Recruitment and Selections Measurement: Basic concepts in testing Kin Fai Ellick Wong Ph.D. Department of Management of Organizations Hong Kong University of Science & Technology

  2. Prologue • After recruiting, employers have to decide who should be hired • Selection tests are used to help employers make better decisions • The decision = a selection = a prediction • What do we want to predict? • Future job performance • What is the prediction based on? • Current observable attributes

  3. Prologue • Measurement = • “assigning numbers to objects to represent quantities of an attribute of the objects” (textbook, p.305)

  4. Prologue • More warm-up questions for you… • Why do we measure? • What do we measure? • When do we measure? • How do we measure?

  5. Outline

  6. Outline

  7. Part I: Physical vs. Psychological Tests • Individual differences • Physical • Age, height, skin color, voice, blood pressure, etc. • Psychological • Intelligence, personality, attitude, value • Which one is the major target of selection testing?

  8. Part I: Physical vs. Psychological Tests • Physical Tests • Measured by appropriate apparatuses • Straightforward • No obvious problem in terms of validity • E.g., Thermometer  Temperature; Ruler  Lengths • Psychological Tests • Intelligence, personality, attitude, value • Problem in terms of validity • E.g., Is the so-called IQ test really measuring intelligence?

  9. Part I: Physical vs. Psychological Tests • See a typical “lay” psychological test from 香蕉網 (banana.com.hk) • 你是怎樣的情人? (What types of lovers are you?) • http://banana.com.hk/exp_psych/t3/ • PS • I have never visited this site before preparing this lecture…

  10. Part I: Physical vs. Psychological Tests • So, how can I know that the test is a “useful” one? • Reliable and valid • Part II of this course mainly focuses on the issues of reliability and validity in testing • You are expected to be able to • Assess the extent to which a test is reliable and valid • Construct and validate a test • Use SPSS to achieve (a) & (b) • All of the above

  11. Outline

  12. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • The evolution of Testing and Selection • Political influences • Early Antecedents • World War I • Influences from other science disciplines • Charles Darwin • Experimental Psychology

  13. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Trivia (冷知識) • When and where was the idea of using testing for employee selection first developed? • The answer is…. • China

  14. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Political influences: Early Antecedents • Evidence suggests that Chinese had relatively sophisticated civil service testing program more than 4000 years ago (DuBois, 1970) • Zhou Dynasty (around 1000 B.C.) • Oral examinations • Han Dynasty (around 200 B.C.) • Test batteries were used for selection • 董仲舒  五經博士 • Tang Dynasty (around 600 A.D.) to Ming Dynasty (around 1400 A.D.) • A national multistage testing program • Local  Provincial Capitals  Nation’s Capital • 西廂記: 張居瑞 • 陳世美

  15. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Political Influences: Early Antecedents • How about the Western World? • 1832 • English East India Company copied the Chinese system for employee selection • 1855 • British government adopted a similar system of testing for its civil service • French and German governments followed it • 1883 • The US government established the American Civil Service Commission

  16. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Political Influences: World War I • The problems • Aircrafts lost due to …. • The demand for military recruits • Quick and effective ways to select people who are suitable to be pilots • The US government requested assistance from Robert Yerkes (1921), president of American Psychological Association • Army Alpha • Reading ability • Army Beta • Intelligence • Group tests

  17. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Influences from science disciplines: • Charles Darwin • The Origin of Species (進化論) • Variation within species; Mechanism of natural selection • Francis Galton, Charles’ relative, a psychologist • Applying Darwin’s theory to human beings • Individual differences • Some people have characteristics that made them more fit than others • Individual differences exist in human sensory and motion functioning, such as reaction time, visual acuity, and physical strengths • Strengthening the idea that we need some methods to capture individual differences

  18. Part II: History of Testing and Selection • Influences from science disciplines: • Experimental Psychology • Weber & Fechner • Psychophysics • Using scientific methods to study psychological matters (e.g., sensation) • Wundt • Founder of modern psychology • Psychology as a scientific discipline • Testing = experiment • Need to have control and to be objective • Strengthening the notion that testing should be scientifically conducted

  19. Outline

  20. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Scientific elements • Observable • Measurable • Can be replicated

  21. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Scientific elements • Observable • Overt behaviors • Respond time • Answer to a question • Correct rates of a test • Covert behaviors • Attitude, thoughts • Inferred from overt behaviors

  22. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Scientific elements • Measurable • Can be detected and have quantified expression • Weight: kg; lb; • Lightness: ultraviolet index 紫外線指數 • Loudness: dB, 分貝 • Intelligence: IQ • Inferred from overt behaviors found in performance IQ test

  23. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Scientific elements • Can be replicated • Which of the following items means APPLE in French? • PLIE • LIEP • EPIL • ELIP

  24. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Scientific elements in testing • Quantified measurement • Observable and measurable • Reliability • The measurement is precise • Can be replicated • Validity • The measurement is valid • It measures what it is supposed to measure • Ruler  length; IQ test  Intelligence

  25. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Standards for educational and psychological testing from American Psychological Association • You may visit the website http://www.apa.org/science/standards.html#overview • Part 1: Test construction, Evaluation, and Documentation • Validity • Reliability and errors of measurement • Test development and revision • Scale, norm, and score comparability • Test administration, scoring, and reporting • Test documents

  26. Part III:Scientific Elements in Testing • Standards for educational and psychological testing from American Psychological Association • Part 2: Fairness in testing • Fairness and bias in testing and test use • The rights and responsibility of test takers • Testing people of diverse linguistic backgrounds • Testing individuals with disability • Part 3: Testing application • Responsibilities of test users • Psychological testing and assessment • Educational testing and assessment • Testing in employment and credentialing • Testing in program evaluation and public policy

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