TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Locate and describe Arabia in the period before the rise of Islam.

1. ISLAM • TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Locate and describe Arabia in the period before the rise of Islam. • Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the prophet and how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula under Islam. • Identify the basic beliefs and practices of Islam.

2. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM? ISLAM– the religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia around 630 C.E. MUSLIM– a person who is a follower of the Islamic religion. Allah– “God” in Arabic. Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims. (Koran) Insert Arabia map • Medina • Mecca ARABIA PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

4. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

5. Christianity WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM? Holy Book ? Jewish TORAH Christian BIBLE Islamic KORAN (Qu’ran)

6. PACKET, p. 5 Introduction to Islam: “The Qu’ran” What does this Qu’ran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians all share? How do Muslims view Jesus? Insert transparency of Qu’ran quote

7. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p. 234 The Prophet Muhammad • 1. What were Muhammad’s revelations? • He believed God spoke to him through the Angel Gabriel • that he was the “last of the great prophets” • now had to teach others that Allah was the one and only God and all the other gods in Arabia had to be abandoned. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

8. Hijrah – Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622. map • Medina • Mecca ARABIA The Islamic world begins its calendar Year 1 with this event. In other words, our year 622 A.D. is their year 1 A.H. This year, 2004 A.D., is year 1425 A.H. in the Islamic world. To learn the formula for figuring the Islamic year, visit www.islam.com DID YOU KNOW?

9. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p.235 • 2. In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning point? • Mecca’s opposition to Muhammad only brought attention to • his new religious message and he gained a wide following • in Medina. • Besides a religious leader, he now became a political leader • uniting the various Arab tribesmen. • He was also forced into a position as a military leader now • in the conflict between Mecca and Medina. • Medina ARABIA • Mecca PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

10. Rome • Constantinople SPAIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE Mediterranean Sea • Baghdad Alexandria . • Jerusalem NORTH AFRICA Persian Gulf R e d S e a • Medina • Mecca A R A B I A Label your own map Arabian Sea PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

11. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam” Packet, p. 3 Textbook, p. Beliefs & Practices of Islam 3. What does Islam teach its followers? • Monotheism - There is only one God (Allah). • Each person is responsible for his or her own actions. • Allah will judge all people on a final judgment day. Mosque – place of worship for Muslims Minaret – prayer tower PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

12. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p.236 The Five Pillars – five requirements of a Muslim’s life.

13. Mecca: he holiest place in Islam Muslims circling around thesacred Ka`aba in Mecca, climax of the hajj pilgrimage.

14. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p. Beliefs & Practices of Islam Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make in their lifetime. Sunna – Muhammad’s model for proper living. Shariah – a system of laws in Islam. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

15. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p.236 4. How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims? • Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life. • Carrying out the Five Pillars daily as well as other customs ensures • that Muslims live their faith • while serving in the community. A Muslim woman wears a hijab. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

16. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p. 237 5. How did observing Islamic teachings help to create unity among Muslims? Because Muhammad wrote the Qu’ran in Arabic and all followers are required to read it, that one language and that one religion created unity. The SIGNIFICANCE of Muhammad is… he unified hundreds of nomadic tribes in Arabia who spoke different languages and worshipped hundreds of different gods. He did this with one tool: the Qu’ran ! Written in a COMMON LANGUAGE (Arabic) + providing a COMMON RELIGION (Islam) = he achieved Arabian UNITY. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

17. CH 10, Sec. 1: “The Rise of Islam”Textbook, p. 237 6. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? Shariah law required Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews – the “people of the book.” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

18. Islam Section 2 Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

19. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam” Packet, p. 9 Textbook, p. 238 Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E. • Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one. • The Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and Muhammad’s first successor. He had been a loyal friend of Muhammad and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. Under Abu-Bakr, the collection of Mohammad's revelations were recorded in the Qur’an. Illuminated Qur'an PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

20. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam” Packet, p. 9 Textbook, p.238 • In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph(KAY•lihf), a title that means “successor” or “deputy.” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

21. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam”Textbook, p.238 “Rightly Guided” Caliphs 1. What did the “rightly guided” caliphs use as guides to leadership? The Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions in life. • Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs—Umar, Uthman, and Ali—all had known Muhammad and supported his mission. • For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles—about two times the distance across the continental United States. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

22. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam”Textbook, p.238 Rightly Guided” Caliphs • 2. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and spread Islam? • Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam. • Armies were well-disciplined and expertly commanded. • People who had suffered religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant Islamic empire. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

23. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam”Textbook, p.239 Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam. • They were attracted by the appeal of the message of Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax. • Christians and Jews, as “people of the book,” were allowed to practice their faiths freely and even received special consideration. • In practice, tolerance like this was extended to other groups as well. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

24. Sunni–Shi’a Split • In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. • A minority did continue to resist, and around some of these groups an alternate view of the office of caliph developed. • In this view, the caliph—the person most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message—needed to be a relative of the Prophet.

25. Sunni–Shi’a Split • This group was called Shi’a, meaning the “party” of Ali. • Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example. • Another group, the Sufi (SOO•fee), reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. • They tried to achieve direct personal contact with God through mystical means, such as meditation andchanting.

26. 2 The Umayyads and the Abbassids These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization. Set up dynasty that ruled until 750 Moved capital to Damascus Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley Relied on local officials to govern the empire, while the Umayyads themselves lived in great luxury. Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs Split in Islam occurs during their reign – between Sunni, Shi’a, Sufi. Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 Moved capital to Baghdad Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power through strong trade network. Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age Difficulty controlling vast empire. UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

27. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam”Textbook, p.241 Muslim Trade Network • The two major sea-trading zones—those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean—linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. • The land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. • Muslim merchants needed only a single language, Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar, to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and on to China. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

28. CH 10, Sec. 2: “The Spread of Islam” Packet, p. 9 Textbook, p.241 Muslim Trade Network • To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim moneychangers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. • Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to merchants. • A merchant with a sakkfrom a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire. • In Europe, the word sakkwas pronounced, “check.” Thus, the practice of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

29. The ASTROLABE PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Art & Literature Arabian Nights Achievements in Islam Section 3 Muslim Achievements IBN KHALDUN Great Arab Historian ALBEGRA (al-jabr) ARABIC NUMERALS

30. Today’s Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz…..which is easier? • Solve the following simple equations: • V + II = _________________ • CM – L = _______________ • MCMLXXXV – XXX = ________ • XXVI X III = __________________ • 5. CDXXV / V = _________________ • 1. 5 + 2 = ______________ • 900 – 50 = ___________ • 1985 – 30 = __________ • 26 x 3 = ____________ • 425 / 5 = ___________

31. CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe The Astrolabe played a pivotal role in history. The astrolabe was highly developed in the Islamic world by 800 and was introduced to Europe from Islamic Spain (Andalusia) in the early 12th century. It was the most popular astronomical instrument until about 1650, when it was replaced by more specialized and accurate instruments. It is doubtful the European explorers could have ever launched the great Age of Discovery without this device. Astrolabes are still appreciated for their unique capabilities and their value for astronomy education. See Textbook, p. 245 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

32. CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p.244 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe • Wrote medical reference books – Rhazes (al-Razi) and Ibn Sina Avicenna write The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine. The first is a scientific encyclopedia covering logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music. The second is the most famous single book in the history of medicine. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

33. CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements”Textbook, p.244-245 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe • Wrote medical reference books • Produced a book on opticsthat would lay the groundwork for the • later development of the telescope and microscope • Muslim scholars were re-introducing the Greek • (Aristotle’s) understanding of the importance of • proper scientific observation and experimentation. How did the Arabs, who had no direct contact with the science and learning of Classical Greece, come to be the inheritors of the classical tradition?The answer appears to be the Umayyad dynasty located in Damascus. They had an interest in things Greek, employed educated Greek- speaking civil servants extensively, and sought to preserve Greek science. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

34. CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p. 246 • 3. Literature and the Arts • The Qur’an – a great work of literature. • Poetry • the Arabian Nights • Arabesque art In the visual arts and architectural design, Arabesque art is a linear decoration based on plant forms. Arabesque motifs are complicated, intertwined, flowing designs first found in ancient Arabic art – hence the term. They are a feature of ancient Greek and Roman art, and are particularly common in Islamic art. Check out more examples PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

35. CH 10, Sec. 3: “Muslim Achievements” Packet, p. 19 Textbook, p. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.