World War I

1. World War I Do Now Agenda Finish Imperialism (Ch. 21) Why did we enter WWI? Ch. 22 Review 14 Points Quiz Homework: • Get out a pen/pencil and red pen. • Pick up handouts • Take out LAST week’s review sheet (Chapter 21).

2. Unit 7 Overview

3. The Rise of Jim Crow Segregation Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) • Case involved a dispute over the legality of segregated railroad cars in Louisiana • It upheld that segregation by approving “separate but equal” accommodations for African Americans • Led to establishment of separate school systems • Doctrine of “separate by equal” was reversed in 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Disenfranchising Black Voters Literacy tests and poll taxes were used to deny African Americans the right to vote “Grandfather clause” said only anyone whose forebear had voted in 1860 could vote Electoral districts gerrymandered to favor Democratic party The 1883 Civil Rights Cases • Weakened protections given to African Americans under 14th amendment • Much of Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional • Cases declared 14th amendment prohibited only govt violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights to individuals

4. Booker T. Washington • Head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895 • Called African Americans to seek opportunities rather than political rights • Blacks’ need for education and economic progress was most important • They should learn skills for better wages. • Key Positions • Supported black economic self-help • Supported accommodation to white society • Supported vocational education • Supported racial solidarity • Opposed public political agitation

5. W.E.B. Du Bois • Emerged as the most influential advocate of full political, economic, and social equality for Black Americans • Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. • Advocated the intellectual development of a “talented tenth” of the Black population • Hoped the talented tenth would become influential by continuing their education, writing books, or becoming directly involved in social change • Opposed Booker T Washington’s progress for Black progress • Supported cooperation with White people to further Black progress • His goal was integration, not separatism The NAACP • Rejected Booker T. Washington’s gradualism and separatism • NAACP focused on using the courts to achieve equality and justice

6. The Great Migration(s) North (1910-1930; 1940-1970) Causes • Jim Crow laws denied African Americans their rights as citizens & forced them to endure poverty and systematic discrimination • Beginning with WWI, the wartime demand for labor attracted African Americans to the cities in N & W • Leaving the Rural South • In 1915, majority lived in rural South

7. Ida B. Wells • African American civil rights advocate and an early women’s rights advocate • Principal opponent of lynching in the South

8. The Birth of a Nation and the KKK • The KKK first emerged during Radical Reconstruction (1865-1877) • D.W. Griffith’s epic film The Birth of a Nation (1915) became controversial b/c of its depiction of KKK activities as heroic and commendable • The Birth of a Nation played role in the resurgence of the KKK during the Progressive Era • KKK favored White supremacy and immigration restriction

9. Women President Wilson refused to support a National Amendment. Older generation of feminists (Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony) passed the torch to the new generation. Carrie Chapman Catt • President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Sought suffrage at state level, then later a national amendment Alice Paul • National Women’s Party founder • More militant: mass pickets, parades, hunger strikes • Focused on an amendment to the Constitution The 19th Amendment 1920: The efforts of women in World War I caused Wilson to adopt the women’s suffrage amendment. It guaranteed women the right to vote in all elections. Carrie Chapman Catt created the League of Women Voters to keep women informed.

10. Women and the Progressive Reforms • Jane Addams and the settlement houses (Unit 6) • Dorothea Dix worked tirelessly on behalf of the mentally ill • Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an African American civil rights advocate and an early women’s advocate (opposed lynching) • Women’s reformers were also actively involved in: • Passage of child labor legislation at the state level • Campaigns to limit the working hours of women and children • The Fight for Suffrage • Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater equality for women • Only states with complete women’s suffrage before 1900 were located W of the Mississippi • Wyoming (1869) was the first state to grant women the full right to vote • The 19th amendment (1920) guaranteed women the right to vote • The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Carry Nation was one of the best known and most outspoken leaders • Successfully convinced many women that they had a moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibition

11. Women and the Workplace • During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the majority of female workers employed outside the home were young and unmarried • During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women were most likely to work outside their homes as one of the following • Domestic servants • Garment workers • Teachers • Cigar makers • During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women were least likely to work outside their homes as either of these: • Physicians • lawyers FYI: The passage of the 19th amendment and the end of the Progressive Era left a great void in the struggle for women’s rights. Margaret Sanger and Eleanor Roosevelt were the two best-known proponents of women’s rights.

12. Name the foreign policy… Name the president who created this foreign policy… “The United States should wait patiently and quietly to achieve its goals overseas, but use force if necessary.” • Maintain peace between rival nations • Mediate the Russo-Japanese War • Algeciras Conference (France/Germany/Morocco) • Second International Peace Conference: limit warfare The Big Stick Policy “Speak softly, but carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

13. Name the president who created this foreign policy… Name the foreign policy… “The United States should focus on advancing American economic interests in Latin America and Asia.” • Promote U.S. trade by supporting U.S. enterprises abroad. • Dollar Diplomacy • Use econ investments to bolster U.S. economy • Achieved very little success William Howard Taft 1909-1913

14. Name the president who created this foreign policy… Name the foreign policy… “The United States should focus on advancing democracy throughout the world.” • The United States should “right past wrongs.” Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917 “New Freedom in Government”

15. U.S. Intervention in Latin America

16. Latin American Foreign Relations in the 1880’s & 1890’s The Pan-American Conference (1889) Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine (1895-1896) British Guiana and Venezuela had a dispute; Cleveland insisted that the United States be allowed to arbitrate, arguing that the Monroe Doctrine applied to this situation. Britain agreed; from this point, Britain sought friendship with the U.S. • Representatives of Western Hemisphere nations created an organization that set a precedent for hemispheric cooperation on economic and political issues. • Today, this is known as the Organization of American States

17. McKinley’s presidency The Spanish American War Causes • Jingoism (intense nationalism) • Cuban revolt (Spain sent in an autocratic general to suppress the revolt) • Yellow journalism • A circulation battle between the newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. • Their sensationalist headlines and stories created public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control • De Lôme Letter (the Spanish minister to the United States insulted McKinley) • Battleship Maine (U.S. battleship exploded in Havana harbor) • McKinley’s Ultimatum (demanded that Spain end atrocities; public pressure  message to Congress: end barbarities; protect Americans) • Teller Amendment (Congress declared war; Cuba will control itself) War • Philippines • Navy in Manila Bay • With Filipino rebels 3 months • Cuba • Tropical diseases • Volunteer forces destroyed Spanish army • Rough Riders (Theodore Roosevelt) • Destroyed Spanish fleet • Hawaii • Annexed (Queen overthrown five years earlier)

18. McKinley’s presidency The Spanish American War Results • Peace Treaty  Cuban Independence • Insular [Supreme Court] Cases • Constitutional rights were not automatically granted to territorial possessions. • Platt Amendment • Made Cuba a U.S. protectorate • Election of 1900 • McKinley and Roosevelt won • “new territory and prosperity” • The U.S. was seen as a first class world power with the Navy. Territorial Acquisitions • Spain relinquished control of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Phillippines to the U.S. • By establishing a protectorate over Cuba, the U.S. began implementing imperialist foreign policy The Debate Over Annexing the Phillipines • The Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation arguing that it violated America’s long-established commitment to the principles of self-determination and anti-colonialism • Supporters of annexation argued that America had a moral responsibility to “civilize” the islands. They also pointed out that the Phillippines could become a valuable trading partner.

19. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Cause: President Theodore Roosevelt worried that the Dominican Republic and other Latin American nations would default on debts owed to European banks. These defaults could then provoke European military intervention. Action: Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to forestall European intervention

20. Impact of the Roosevelt Corollary • It expanded America’s role in Central America and the Caribbean • It claimed America’s right to assume the role of “an international police power.” Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary by sending American troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the DR, Mexico, and Haiti • Theodore Roosevelt explained and justified the Roosevelt Corollary as follows: “Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the U.S. to the Monroe Doctrine may force the U.S… to the exercise of an international political power.”

21. Roosevelt’s Presidency The Panama Canal • The canal was attained by Colombia by supporting a revolt in Panama. • It took 10 years to build. • Mosquitoes caused yellow fever, which caused many deaths. • In 1921: Colombia was paid $25 million for the loss. • The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) gave the U.S. long-term control of the Canal Zone (until 1999). • The Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (1901) determined that there would not be joint U.S.-British control of the Canal.

22. Wilson’s Presidency Taft’s Presidency Nicaragua • Sent troops when Civil War broke out (1911) • He wanted to protect foreign investments of the United States. • The U.S. kept Marines there until 1933. Mexico • Tampico incident: • Wilson didn’t support Huerta as president. • The U.S. placed an arms embargo on Mexico. • The U.S. Imposed a naval blockade on Vera Cruz; Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated. • Pancho Villa • Villa challenged the new president (Carranza) • Led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and killed 11 Americans • U.S. troops pursued him unsuccessfully, and later withdrew before entering World War I. 1917: Wilson made Puerto Rico a U.S. territory, and Puerto Ricans gained citizenship. Panama Canal: The U.S. agreed to pay tolls. Haiti & Dominican Republic: Wilson ordered troops in. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan negotiated Conciliation treaties in which countries agreed to an international arbiter and a one-year cooling off period.

23. U.S. Intervention in Asia

24. The Open Door Policy • As China Qing (Manchu) dynasty weakened, European powers carved out spheres of influence where they exercised political leverage and obtained exclusive commercial privileges. • Although he knew he could not force the Europeans to leave China, Secretary of State John Hay was determined to protect American missionaries and commercial interests • In 1899, Hay sent the nations with spheres of influence in China a note calling for open access to China for American investment and commercial interests • Known as the Open Door, the policy underscored America’s commitment to free trade and opposition to obstacles that thwarted international commerce • The nations indirectly accepted the Open Door Policy. • After the U.S. helped to crush the Boxer Rebellion (an attack against foreigners) was crushed, nations continued to allow free trade in China and respect Chinese independence. Spheres of Influence McKinley’s presidency

25. Root’s Asian Policies Roosevelt’s presidency • Russo-Japanese War: Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire • Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for this. • Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan would secretly restrict immigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. ; the U.S. agreed to end segregated education for Japanese in California. • Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): • Pledged mutual respect for each country’s Pacific possessions • Pledged support for the Open Door Policy

26. Taft Wilson Railroads in China • Taft wanted U.S. bankers to be included in a European plan to invest in railroads in China. • Russia and Japan entered a secret agreement regarding railroad building in Manchuria that the United States was not involved in. Jones Act of 1916 (The Philippines) • Granted territorial status to the Philippines. • Created a Bill of Rights and granted male suffrage. • Promised independence when a stable government was established (1946). The Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Non-European powers (Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. Taft and Japan were offended by this.

27. Today… you will.. • To explain the War in Europe and American neutrality • To identify the main components, causes of and effects of The First World War at home and abroad • To identify and explain the Treaty of Versailles • To analyze the wars effects on society and economy in the postwar years

28. World War I 1914-1918

29. The War In Europe Outbreak of War The Two Alliances: The Allies Great Britain France Russia The Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey/ The Ottoman Empire • A Serbian assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) • Austria threatens Serbia, but backed by Russia, they do not waver • Germany (A-H’s ally) invades France (Russia’s ally) through neutral Belgium • Great Britain (France’s ally) declares war against Germany Stages of United States Involvement: Neutral Nation Warring for Peace Victorious World Power Isolationist Nation

30. American “Neutrality” Submarine Warfare • Britain established a naval blockade of Germany. • Germany responded by using U-boats (submarines) to sink any ships around Britain. • When Germany sank the British Lusitania [128 Americans were killed], Wilson threatened “accountability.” (Jennings resigned) • 3 months later, the Arabic (French ship) was sunk • Wilson demanded an end to “unrestricted submarine warfare.” • 7 months later, the Sussex (British ship) was sunk • Germany made the Sussex Pledge, promising not to sink merchant or passenger ships without warning. Economic Links with Great Britain and France • The war brought the U.S. out of a recession; trading war supplies to Britain and France helped the U.S. economy to boom. • Because of the British blockade of Germany (which the U.S. tolerated), U.S. didn’t trade as much with Germany. • 1914-1917: US allied trade quadrupled; trade w/ Central powers dwindled. Loans • JP Morgan & other bankers extended $3 billion in credit to Great Britain and France. • Secured U.S. prosperity. • Sustained the Allied war effort. Public Opinion Ethnic Influences 30% of Americans = 1st or 2nd generation immigrants. • They supported U.S. neutrality, but tended to sympathize with their “mother nation.” • Most native-born Americans supported the Allied Powers British Propaganda Britain cabled news stories to U.S. newspapers depicting German soldiers committing atrocities in Belgium and France, so Americans became disgusted with the Germans.

31. Summary American Neutrality Germans Challenge American Neutrality Germany launched campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare in Feb. 1917 B/C stalemate in trenches across France & Brit. Blockade so exhausted fighting Feb. 1917  German foreign secretary, Arther Zimmerman, sent secret telegram to German minister in Mexico to join a military alliance vs. US GY would help MX recover territories lost in Mexican War • President Wilson sought to distance American from WWI by issuing a proclamation of Neutrality • Wilson’s policy of neutrality was consistent with American’s traditional policy of avoiding European “entanglements” • Wilson insisted that all belligerents respect American neutral rights on the high seas

32. Election of 1916: Wilson won the presidency on the slogan “He kept us out of war.” The War Debate Preparedness National Security League [Eastern Republican business leaders, led by Theodore Roosevelt] argued for more defense spending in preparation for war. 1916: Wilson convinced Congress to pass the National Defense Act , increasing the army and navy. Opposition to War Midwestern and Western Americans opposed the preparedness movement. Opponents of war included: • Populists • Progressives • Socialists Anti-war leaders were: • William Jennings Bryan • Jane Addams • Woman suffragists (initially) The Decision for War Germany launched unrestricted submarine warfare. The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted from Germany promising to help Mexico regain New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas if they joined the war on the side of the Germans. Russian Revolution brought a democracy to Russia Submarine Attacks: Germany attacked five unarmed U.S. merchant ships. Wilson’s Peace Efforts Wilson sent his Chief Foreign Advisor to Europe to unsuccessfully negotiate a peace settlement (“peace without victory”). • Declaration of War • Wilson declared that Germany’s submarine policy was “warfare against mankind.” • He asked Congress to declare war because “the world must be made safe for democracy.”

33. Summary: Wilson’s War Message • Wilson accused the Germans of violating freedom of the seas, killing innocent Americans and interfering with Mexico • Wilson galvanized public opinion by calling on America to launch a “noble” crusade “to make the world safe for demoncracy”

34. Mobilizing the Country to Support the War War Agencies • War Industries Board: set production priorities and control over materials and prices • Food Administration: encouraged U.S. households to eat less meat and bread, so more food could be shipped abroad. (US shipments x3) • Meatless Mondays • Wheat-less Wednesdays • Victory Gardens • Fuel Administration: efforts to save coal: • Established daylight savings time • Heatless Mondays • Gasless Sundays • National War Labor Board: arbitrated disputes between labor and owners. • Wages rose, 8-hour workday, union membership increased. Financing the War • Liberty Bonds • Americans gave their savings to the federal government • The government promised to pay back the money at a fixed rate of interest on a certain date. • Taxes Congress increased… • Personal income tax • Corporate tax • Tax on luxuries Congress raised $33 billion for the war. Civil Liberties • Espionage Act • Imprisonment for anyone who incited rebellion in the army or obstruction of the national draft • Sedition Act • Prohibited anyone from making disloyal or abusive comments about the U.S. government. • Schenck v. United States • Free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to the public safety. • Armed Forces • Selective Service Act: All men 21-30 would have to register for the national draft. 2.8 million men were called to armed service by lottery. • The army was racially segregated. Few African Americans were allowed to become officers. • WEB Du Bois believed by fighting in the war, African Americans would earn equal rights at home.

35. Propaganda • Committee on Public Information • Enlisted artists, writers, performers, and movie stars to depict the boys as heroes and the Kaiser as a villain. • Urged Americans to watch out for German spies and “do your bit.” • Stir American support for war and get rid of dissent • Americans persuaded to buy war bonds and believe Germany = barbarous • (Nativist)American Protective League • “Hate the Hun” campaign: prejudice against “disloyal” minorities—attacked all things German.

36. World War I and American Society Women • More jobs (New types of jobs) were available for women as men left jobs for the army. • Some women entered the workforce for the first time. • Most women had to give up their jobs for men when the war ended. • Women’s contributions convinced the President and Congress to support the 19th Amendment (suffrage) Mexicans • Because of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) and wartime job opportunities, many Mexicans crossed the border to work in agriculture and mining. • Most stayed in the Southwest, but some came to the Midwest for factory jobs. • Thousands of Mexican Americans also fought in the armed forces, despite facing discrimination. African Americans • The “Great Migration” of African Americans was encouraged by job opportunities in northern factories and in the west during the war.

37. Fighting the War

38. Making Peace Wilson’s 14 Points included… • Freedom of the Seas • End to Secret Treaties • Reduction of national armaments • Impartial adjustment of colonial claims • Self-determination within Austria-Hungary • An International Peace Organization: • Political independence • Territorial integrity Treaty of Versailles • Germany: • Disarmed • Lost colonies in Asia and Africa • Accepted guilt for the war • Gave the Rhineland to France • Paid reparations to Allied countries • Italy and Japan: Felt they were not fairly compensated for their efforts • United States The League of Nations was formed, but the US never did join… Wilson’s Ratification Battle Congress’s concern: The League of Nations would interfere with U.S. sovereignty and cause Europe to violate the Monroe doctrine. • Opponents to L.o.N.: • Irreconcilables: rejected it outright. • Reservationists: would accept if the wording was changed. • Wilson’s Western Tour: • Wilson toured the country in a huge speaking tour to convince Americans to support the League of Nations. He suffered a major stroke. • Rejection: • Wilson refused to reword the treaty, and ultimately, the treaty was defeated. Peace without Victory? or Revenge against Germany & compensation?

39. The Fourteen Points Reasons the US didn’t Join League of Nations Wilson refused to compromise on the issue of America’s unconditional adherence to the charter of the League of Nations (hardened Senate opposition) Opponents believed that the League would lead to further involvement in foreign wars Senator Lodge = skillful opponent of the League Personal & political rivalry b/n Lodge and Wilson = no chance of compromise • Fourteen Points included a call for: • Open diplomacy • Freedom of the seas • The creation of an international organization to preserve the peace & security of its members • National self-determination for oppressed minority groups • Fourteen Points didn’t include: • Recognition of Allied economic & territorial agreements made during the war • A provision to create the International Monetary Fund

40. The Palmer Raids • AG A Mitchell Palmer established an office under J Edgar Hoover to investigate radicals. • Caused by fear of communism and radicalism • Raids on anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators arrested “en masse ” on limited evidence. • Most arrestees were foreign-born; 4,000+ people jailed w/p counsel; 500 were deported • When May Day riots never happened, Palmer lost credibility and the hysteria receded. • Disregarded basic civil liberties • Govt. agents in 33 cities broke into meeting halls & homes w/o search warrants Postwar Problems: Demobilization & Recession • 4 million white men took jobs from women and African Americans. • The Business Boom of the war fell flat; farmers suffered from falling crop prices. • In 1921, the nation faced 10% unemployment. Red Scare • The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia • Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks overthrew the czar & seized power in Russia • Source: • Unhappiness with the peace process • Fear of socialism (communist takeover of Russia) • Labor unrest  confused and frightened Americans = (anti-German hysteria ) Anti-Communist Hysteria

41. Postwar Problems: Labor Conflict Union gains: Under Roosevelt’s Square Deal, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the National War Labor Board, labor made many gains. Strikes of 1919: • Seattle: shipyard workers struck (higher pay) • Boston: Police struck (protested that police officers who tried to unionize were fired) =National Guard sent in. • US Steel Corporation: violent strike took 3-4 months to break. these strikes turned public opinion against unions. Race Riots African American migration to northern cities during the war yielded racial tension. Whites saw them as competitors for jobs. Race riots erupted during the war (East St. Louis, Illinois = largest) In 1919, there were violent riots in many cities. • Chicago: 40 people were killed; 500 people were injured. • In the South, racism and fears of African American soldiers returning led to increased violence and lynching by Whites.