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World War I

World War I. The beginnings and aftermath of war. 1914-1919. Great Strides in international communication made war seem close to impossible. European ‘spheres of influence’ began to clash. Europeans had increasing sense of nationalism.

keith-hall
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World War I

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  1. World War I The beginnings and aftermath of war. 1914-1919

  2. Great Strides in international communication made war seem close to impossible. • European ‘spheres of influence’ began to clash. • Europeans had increasing sense of nationalism. • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian sympathizers sparked conflict. Causes of War

  3. Austria-Hungary: declared war on Serbia 28 July 1914. • Germany: linked to Austria-Hungary by Dual Alliance. Declared war on Russia 1 August as result of Russian mobilization. • Ottoman Empire: Entered war 28 October 1914 after signing Turco-German Alliance • Bulgaria: October 1915 Central Powers

  4. Russia: bound to Serbia by Treaty of San Stefano. • France: German declaration of war 3 August. • Great Britain: had moral obligations to defend France and Russia, but did not join war until Germany invaded Belgium. Triple Entente

  5. Italy: Originally allied to Germany, joined Allies in secret Franco-Italian Alliance. • Japan: declared war on Germany 23 August. • United States: joined war 6 April 1917 as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare. Allied Powers

  6. Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain, and United States (initially). • Geneva would become base League of Nations. Neutral Nations

  7. Eight million Germans and Austrians living in U.S. • Irish Americans also against Britain. • Manifest Destiny • Commerce: Britain established naval blockade and seized US ships. Difficulties of Neutrality

  8. Machine guns: able to hold off advancing infantry. Trench warfare becomes important. • Tanks: entered war in 1916, not really effective until late in war. Replaced cavalry. • Airplanes: used mainly as method of transportation and observation, by 1918, developed use for bombing raids. • U-boat (Unterseeboot): ability to move undetected and spy on shipping patterns. Technology

  9. Chemical Warfare: Introduced by Germans. Chlorine gas could blind and suffocate the enemy. • Gas masks were not effective. Innovations in Warfare

  10. Progressive Party had lost support in 1914 Congressional elections. Wilson appointed Louis D. Brandeis to Supreme Court (first Jewish appointee). • “He kept us out of war!” • Government reform. • Child Labor laws and women’s suffrage. Election of 1916

  11. Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes. Theodore Roosevelt had planned for this position after declining the Bull Moose Party. • “Straight and honest neutrality” • Viewed as war candidate because of Roosevelt’s speeches. Election of 1916

  12. Manifest Destiny and Monroe Doctrine: keep European savages out of Latin and South America. • German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent letter to German minister in Mexico. • Germany promised to return land lost in 1848 (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) • 1 March 1917, Zimmerman note released to American public. Conflict in Mexico

  13. Bolshevik revolution in Russia forced Russian withdraw from war. • German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. US Enters the Great War

  14. Battle of Cantigny: 28 May 1918. Major morale boost for Allied troops. Major US Battles

  15. Second Battle of the Marne: (15 July-16 September 1918) turning point of war. Battles

  16. St. Mihiel Salient: Largest concentration of airplanes in one battle. Around 1476 Allied planes. • First victory by independent US Army. Battles

  17. Meuse-Argonne Offensive: Largest offensive and victory for AEF during war. Ended with cease-fire. Battles

  18. Great Britain: 947,000 killed; 2,122,000 wounded; 192,000 prisoners • France: 1,358,000 killed; 3,044,000 wounded; 446,000 prisoners • Russia: 1,700,000 killed; 4,950,000 wounded; 500,000 prisoners • Italy: 460,000 killed; 947,000 wounded; 530,000 prisoners • United States:115,000 killed; 206,000 wounded; 4,500 prisoners Casualties

  19. Germany: 1,808,000 killed; 4,247,000 wounded; 618,000 prisoners • Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 killed; 3,620,000 wounded; 200,000 prisoners • Turkey: 325,000 killed; 400,000 wounded Casualties

  20. The Big Three: David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Woodrow Wilson (United States). • The United States wanted isolationism and little influence in Europe. • Britain wanted Germany to pay for damage, but not so much as to allow communism to spread. • France wanted to bring Germany to her knees. • Four main points: territory, military, financial, and general. Treaty of Versailles

  21. Alsace-Lorraine: France • Eupen and Malmedy: Belgium • Northern Schleswig: Denmark • Hultschin: Czechoslovakia • West Prussia, Posen, Upper Silesia: Poland • The Saar, Danzig, and Memel put under control of League of Nations. Territory

  22. Europe Before WWI

  23. Postwar Germany

  24. Army reduced to 100,000 men. • Six capital ships, no submarines. • No air force. • Demilitarized zone: west of Rhineland and 50km east of Rhine River. Military

  25. Industrial territory lost, including coal mines of Saar and Upper Silesia. • Reparations, not determined in Versailles, but later to be £6,600 million. • Forbidden to reunite with Austria. Financial

  26. Three Clauses: • “War Guilt Clause”: Germany must admit full responsibility for starting war. • Germany responsible for all war damage. • Establish League of Nations. General

  27. Austria: signed Treaty of Saint Germain on 10 Sept 1919. Recognized independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. • Bulgaria: signed Treaty of Neuilly on 27 Nov 1919. Loss of land. • Turkey: signed Treaty of Sevres on 10 Aug 1920. Harsh punishment for actions at Gallipoli. Ottoman Empire diminished. • Hungary: signed Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. Other Central Powers

  28. 8 January 1918. • Creation of League of Nations. • Limit capabilities of any nation to start war. Wilson’s Fourteen Points

  29. Intervene before dispute broke out into war. • No active military force. US, Germany, Russia did not become members. League of Nations

  30. Financial: cost United States $33 billion and another $112 billion in veterans benefits. • Federal Power: Larger Army. Regulation of Interstate commerce. Control of railroads and shipyards. • Labor: Women in workplace; telephone operators, nurses. Black laborers replaced lack of immigrant laborers. • Women’s Suffrage: Nineteenth Amendment Domestic Impact of War

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