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Environmental Science

Environmental Science. What is this matter ？. be more important than our daily bread. be needed for the metabolic processes within the cells. made up a part of the atmosphere. Air. 在下列描述中说出这是什么？. 温度随高度升高降低. 大气污染现象的主要发生地. 质量占大气圈的 75%. 大气圈的最底层. 对流层 (Troposphere). What is this phenomenon?.

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Environmental Science

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  1. Environmental Science

  2. What is this matter？ be more important than our daily bread be needed for the metabolic processes within the cells made up a part of the atmosphere Air

  3. 在下列描述中说出这是什么？ 温度随高度升高降低 大气污染现象的主要发生地 质量占大气圈的75% 大气圈的最底层 对流层(Troposphere)

  4. What is this phenomenon? 对眼睛和呼吸道有刺激作用 CO，NOx and CxHy NO向NO2转化 发生在以石油为燃料的地区 Photochemical smog

  5. 这是哪一种污染物？ 世界范围内的主要气态污染物 主要来自燃料燃烧 对植物内部的生理活动有抑制作用 参与了硫酸烟雾和酸雨的形成 二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide)

  6. 根据暗示联想猜词 代表爱情 原点、辐射线 气象学词汇 风向玫瑰图

  7. 一类物质的总称 • 经化学反应或光化学反应形成 • 反应生成物与反应物的物理、化学性质完全不同 • 它是在大气中由一次污染物反应得来 二次污染物

  8. 一种气体 • 有刺激性气味 • 在大气中易被氧化 • 氧化产物与水分子结合，生成物给人类带来巨大危害 二氧化硫

  9. Heat island effect (热岛效应)Temperature difference between a city and its countryside can be as high as 4 – 6 oC. Factor for air pollution

  10. Heat island effect 33° temperature (°C) 29° Rural Suburban residential Commercial Downtown Urban residential Park Suburban residential Rural farmland

  11. Why heat island effect? Urban: paved streets and buildings Rural: vegetation and soil Cities absorb much more heat than rural areas.

  12. Air above city: more pollutants, more greenhouse gases

  13. air flow pollutant conc temp city countryside suburb countryside Heat island effect

  14. How to reduce heat island effect? • Reduce the area of land with high heat capacity 减少大热容量的地面面积 • Roofs: put more vegetation; change to leisure place 楼顶绿化或建成休息场所 • Tear down walls, modify building direction, improve aeration 拆去围墙改变楼群方向，改善通风效果

  15. Environmental Science环境学(双语) Prof. Ge Ying Nanjing Agricultural University

  16. Major contents of the course Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Population and environment Chapter 3 Energy and environment Chapter 4 Air pollution and its control Chapter 5 Sustainable development Chapter 6 Water pollution and its control Chapter 7 Soil pollution and its control Chapter 8 Noise and solid waste

  17. Major types of Air Pollution 伦敦烟雾London Smog 光化学烟雾Photochemical Smog 温室效应Greenhouse Effect 酸 雨 Acid Rain 臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion

  18. Major types of Air Pollution 伦敦烟雾London Smog 光化学烟雾Photochemical Smog 温室效应Greenhouse Effect 酸 雨 Acid Rain 臭氧层破坏 Ozone Depletion

  19. Greenhouse effect • A natural effect that releases heat in the lower part of atmosphere (troposphere) near the earth’s surface. • Greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation (heat) emitted by the earth’s surface.

  20. Natural Greenhouse effect If greenhouse gases were not present, the mean temperature of the earth's surface would be ~ 33oCcolder.

  21. Animation Greenhouse effect and global warming

  22. What are the major greenhouse gases? Natural source: H2Ov – water vapor CO2 – carbon dioxide CH4 – methane N2O – nitrous oxide O3 – ozone

  23. What are the major greenhouse gases? Human source: CFCs – chlorofluorocarbons

  24. 410 360 Parts per million 310 260 1800 1900 2000 2100 Year Carbon dioxide (CO2)

  25. 2.4 1.8 Parts per million 1.2 0.6 1800 1900 2000 2100 Year Methane (CH4)

  26. 320 310 Parts per million 300 290 260 1800 1900 2000 2100 Year Nitrous oxide (N2O)

  27. 不能打嗝，这日子可怎么过啊？

  28. United States China Russia Japan India Germany United Kingdom Canada Italy France Contribution to Global Total (%) 25.5% 11.2% 6.7% 5.1% 4.1% 3.9% 2.6% 2.5% 2.0% 1.8%

  29. United States 5.6% Canada 4.9% Australia 4.9% 4.1% Netherlands Belgium 3.7% Germany 2.8% Czech Republic 2.8% Russia 2.7% 2.6% United Kingdom 1.8% France Per Capita Emissions (metric tons)

  30. Global warming Average temperature over past 130 years 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.4 Average surface temperature (°C) 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.6 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year

  31. The Day after Tomorrow

  32. Rise of sea level Today’s sea level 0 0 Height above or below present sea level (feet) Height above or below present sea level (meters) –130 –426 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Years before present Present

  33. Major urban region at risk Islands at risk

  34. Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书) At the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 政府间气候变化专门委员会) meeting in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997, 160 nations agreed on a landmark treaty. Developed countries: cut 5.2% on the 1990 level, US: 7%; EU: 8%; Japan: 6%

  35. How to slow down global warming? • Cut fossil fueluse (especiallycoal) • Improve energyefficiency • Shift from coalto natural gas • Shift torenewableenergy resources • Transfer energyefficiency andrenewable energytechnologiesto developingcountries • Reducedeforestation • Slow populationgrowth

  36. Major types of Air Pollution 伦敦烟雾London Smog 光化学烟雾 Photochemical Smog 温室效应Greenhouse Effect 酸 雨 Acid Rain 臭氧层破坏Ozone Depletion

  37. What is Acid Rain? Acid rain is rain which has a pH of 5.6 or below when water in clouds chemically reacts with natural CO2 or pollutants. NATURAL Causes: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. HUMAN Causes: Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) from cars and factories.

  38. Damages lakes and streams • Deadly to aquatic wildlife

  39. CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+ + CO32- The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm. Damages buildings and monuments Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).

  40. Harms forests

  41. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Direct damage to leaves

  42. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves

  43. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves Soil acidification

  44. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves Soil acidification Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metals Acid

  45. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves Soil acidification Reduced nutrient and water uptake Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metals Root damage Acid

  46. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Increased susceptibility to stress Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves Soil acidification Reduced nutrient and water uptake Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metals Root damage Acid

  47. Harms forests Emission Acid deposition Increased susceptibility to stress Reduced photosynthesis and growth Direct damage to leaves Soil acidification Tree death Reduced nutrient and water uptake Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metals Root damage Acid

  48. Soil acidification

  49. Soil sampling around Taihu Lake

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