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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Education and Achievement. ___________________________. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences. Educational goals Across ethnicities, adolescent girls have higher educational and occupational goals than boys

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Education and Achievement ___________________________

  2. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Educational goals • Across ethnicities, adolescent girls have higher educational and occupational goals than boys • Middle-class boys plan to go to college; most working-class boys do not _______________________

  3. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Educational attainments • Dramatic changes for women since 1985 • Women now obtain majority of associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees ________________________

  4. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Campus climate • “Chilly climate” – faculty members display different expectations for women students, or single them out or ignore them • Biased treatment of women students • Biased coverage of course material • Microaggressions • Effects of chilly climate on women students and faculty members • Reflection of gender inequality of power _________________________

  5. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Campus climate • The academic environment for women of color • Primarily White campuses experienced as unwelcoming and unsupportive • Stereotype threat • Individualist values of college may conflict with collectivist values of culture _________________________

  6. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Campus climate • The academic environment for working-class and poor women • Feel they have to hide their backgrounds • Intellectual disadvantage • Challenges for women on welfare • Higher education important route to higher income _________________________

  7. Women’s Educational Values, Attainments, and Campus Experiences Campus climate • Single-sex institutions • More leadership opportunities, expectations, and role models • Women participate more in class, collaborate more, report higher levels of support • Increased self-confidence, less sexism • Women more likely to pursue male-dominated fields and earn higher salaries ________________________

  8. Women’s Work-Related Goals Career aspirations • Differences among women • Differences between women and men • No differences in prestige of aspirations or motivation to succeed • In high school and college, women lower aspirations, major in less prestigious fields, end up in lower-level careers • Women more likely to major in “people-focused” areas • Women less likely to pursue computer and physical sciences, engineering • Differential encouragement • Stereotypes • Lack of role models • Discrimination __________________________

  9. Women’s Work-Related Goals Career counseling • Remains gender biased • Girls discouraged from advanced math or science • Bias in vocational interest inventories and aptitude testing • What can career counselors do? • Advocate for family-friendly work policies • Locate mentors • Encourage partners to participate in housework • Help develop effective coping strategies • Help obtain education and training ________________________

  10. Women’s Work-Related Goals Work-family expectations • Most women currently want career, marriage, and motherhood • White women want to interrupt careers when they become mothers • Black women want to discontinue employment for shorter time than White women • White women more likely to believe that maternal employment harmful to young children • College-educated Black women have stronger work orientation than college-educated White women • Challenges for educated women of color in finding educated man of color as mate __________________________

  11. Women’s Work-Related Goals Work-family outcomes • Do women’s work-family aspirations match their actual outcomes? • Hoffnung’s (2004) longitudinal survey • Career remains major focus throughout 20s • Not quite half of women had married • Most had not started a family • Those who were mothers had fewer advanced degrees, lower status careers • Women of color less likely to be married than White women _________________________

  12. Women’s Work-Related Goals Salary expectations • Women expect lower salaries than men • Why? • Women base their expectations on known salary discrepancies • Women lower expectations because they expect to accommodate to fulfill family obligations • Women underestimate their worth __________________________

  13. Influences on Women’s Achievement Level and Career Decisions Orientation to achievement • Achievement motivation • Fear of success • Achievement attributions • Self-serving attributional bias • Achievement self-confidence __________________________

  14. Influences on Women’s Achievement Level and Career Decisions Personal characteristics • Women who pick male-dominated careers more competitive, autonomous, and instrumental than those who pick female-dominated careers • Self-efficacy __________________________

  15. Influences on Women’s Achievement Level and Career Decisions Sexual orientation • Awareness of sexual identity can influence career development • Coming out: may lose family support related to career-selection process • Perception of occupational climate • Lesbians less traditional in gendered attitudes about occupations ________________________

  16. Influences on Women’s Achievement Level and Career Decisions Social and cultural factors • Support from parents • Cultural values • Black women • Professional attainment is family, not only individual, goal • Sense of obligation to family • Concern for communities • Conflicts between family/cultural values and values oriented toward career attainment • Values associated with social class position ________________________

  17. Influences on Women’s Achievement Level and Career Decisions Job-related characteristics • Men somewhat more likely to value material success, promotions, challenge, power, etc. • Women somewhat more likely to value interpersonal relationships, helping others, balancing professional and personal goals • Mothers place greater emphasis on flexible hours and ease of commute • Recent increase in value women place on job security, power, prestige, accomplishment, etc. __________________________

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