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Sub-Saharan African Civilizations

Sub-Saharan African Civilizations. East Africa. Kush. Located south of Egypt Independent State by 1000BCE Based on farming Major exports include iron, ivory, gold and slaves. Kush Kingdom. Meroe 1. Meroe 2. Kush Coins. Axum. Began as an arab trading colony

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Sub-Saharan African Civilizations

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  1. Sub-Saharan African Civilizations

  2. East Africa

  3. Kush • Located south of Egypt • Independent State by 1000BCE • Based on farming • Major exports include iron, ivory, gold and slaves

  4. Kush Kingdom

  5. Meroe 1

  6. Meroe 2

  7. Kush Coins

  8. Axum • Began as an arab trading colony • Access to Red Sea (Trade Routes) • Competed with Kush over Ivory • Conquered Kush in 4th Century AD • 324 AD – King Ezana converts to Christianity

  9. Royal Tomb

  10. Axum

  11. Axum Church

  12. African Migrations • Spread agriculture and herding • Importance of Bananas • Agriculture  Pop Growth  Government

  13. African Political Organization • Stateless Societies • No elaborate hierarchy • Governance through family/kinship groups • Ruling Councils • Chiefdoms • Village conflicts over resources • Powerful chiefs emerged

  14. African Society • Kinship • No Private Property • Gender Roles • Skill Jobs for Men • Women had more opportunity • “Sources of Life” • Contrast to Islam

  15. African Religion • Creator God  Lesser Gods • Diviners • Morality from Family

  16. Kingdom of Kongo • Empire built on trade • Central Government –> Provinces • Royal Currency System

  17. Zimbabwe • Location: • Near Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers • On the coast of the Indian Ocean. • City of “Great Zimbabwe” is capital of rich empire.

  18. East African Trading States • Swahili “Coasters” – Language • Major Cities: Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique. • City-State Rule • Stone Buildings • EXPORTS: Gold, Ivory, Slaves • IMPORTS: Pottery, Glass, Textiles

  19. Islam in East Africa • Small Islamic trading groups on East coast • Conflict between Christians and Muslims over trade

  20. Zimbabwe • Great Zimbabwe - important trading center. • Africa’s interior <- -> Indian Ocean

  21. West Africa

  22. Kingdom of Ghana • Powerful Central State • Absolute Rulers • Well Trained Army • Key Resource – Iron, Gold • Used iron smelting • Huge sums of Gold • Imports = Salt, Textiles, Horses

  23. Ghana • Koumbi-Saleh: Capital • Qadi – Muslim Scholars • Levied Taxes on Trade – Financed Empire • Trans-Saharan Trade Networks • Camel Domesetication • Islam – 10th Century

  24. Mali Empire • Established by Sundiata Keita “Lion Prince” • Wealth – Gold-Salt Trade • Major City – Timbuktu • Villages ruled by chieftains

  25. Mali (Continued) • Mansa Musa (ruled 1307 – 1337) • Doubled size of kingdom • Strong central Government • Divided into provinces • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Displayed power and wealth of Mali • Converted many to Islam • Brought back architects and scholars • Encouraged learning and building Mosques

  26. The Fall of Mali • Crippled Government • Provinces Seceded • Nomadic Pressures

  27. Mansa Musa the Muslim from Mali

  28. Songhai • Major Cities • Kukya, Gao, TIMBUKTU • Dynastic Rule

  29. Timbuktu

  30. Slave Trade • Important form of Personal Wealth • Slave Raiding • Foundation for Atlantic Slave Trade • Zanj Revolt

  31. Islam in Africa • Reinforced the power of the leader • Close relationship with God • Access to Islamic Trade

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