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Rights-based Fisheries. Supaporn Anuchiracheeva The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. Characteristics of Fisheries Resources and Their Problems 1. 1. Renewable Resources
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Rights-based Fisheries Supaporn Anuchiracheeva The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Characteristics of Fisheries Resources and Their Problems 1 1. Renewable Resources 1.1 The finite nature of fish stocks: renewable but destructible. They may be renewed under proper management. 1.2 The uncertainty of production potential: migratory, unseen and unknown numbers. Fish stocks can only be quantified in general.
Characteristics of Fisheries Resources and Their Problems 2 2. Common Pool Resources Under Open access Regime 2.1 No way to exclude newcomers, no control exploitation level, no incentive for individual to conserve fish stocks. At present an incentive is to catch as much fish as possible before others do. 2.2 Access is free, making exploitation appear attractive and encouraging increased effort levels. Improvements in the environment and other factors (e.g. high price) that make fisheries more profitable.
Characteristics of Fisheries Resources and Their Problems 3 3. Specific Biological Resources: 3.1 Multi-species composition in the tropical waters, and single-specie in the temperate zone. Different in stock assessment methodologies and management measures. 3.2 Migratory resources, no clear resource boundary.
Exercise 1: Problems Problems and Problems • Objective: to brainstorm on the problems of fisheries sector • Each participant write down the major fisheries problem of his/her own country • Putting all the problems together on flipcharts
Statement of problem Fishery resources as Common Pool Resource (CPR) under open access condition 1. Failure to manage the resources 2. Over-exploitation of marine fishery resources 3. Conflict among resource users 4. No rights of local fishers to manage resources, resource conservation activities does not guarantee for the long term benefit or sustainable utilization of the resources
Development of fisheries management 1 • Before colonialism, various kinds of traditional and customary fisheries management regimes were in place in most countries. • During the colonial period, governance of coastal and marine resources was transferred from communities to local and national government bodies. • In most colonies, centralized management agencies were established to control the level of exploitation, modernize fishing methods, and ensure exports back to the colonizing country.
Development of fisheries management 2 • Then the coastal fisheries management are undermined, the usual common-property resource management regimes have been replaced not by science-based government management but by open-access. • By central control over fisheries management, national governments often underestimated coastal communities’ capacities, difficult to manage local fisheries to meet their needs.
Development of fisheries management 3 • Conventional management approach has been widely called part of the problem rather than the solution of resource overexploitation. • The centralized or conventional approach, which makes little or no use of fishers capacity to manage themselves and does little effective consultation of the resource users , is often not suited for developing countries with limited financial means and expertise to manage fisheries resources in widely dispersed fishing grounds.
Exercise 2: Sewasdee Condominium Objective: to understand the property regimes and types of rights on different property regimes Participants will be asked to analyze the issues concerning on property, use and management rights of the people who live in “Sawasdee Condominium”.
Property regimes 1. Non-property: no one could claim ownership and exclude others 2. Private property: only the owner of the resource has the right to decide the use of the resource. 3. State property: in most cases the state own the property on behalf of citizen. 4. Common property: belong or given authorities to group of people
Common property & Open access Confusion about “Tragedy of the Commons” (Garrett Hardin, 1968) An open-access fishery is one without restrictions on access and use (unassigned access and use rights). Open access: no control on number of fishing effort and amount of fish taking by an individual fisherman. Open access can occur in every type of property regime, even the cases of private property.
Type of rights (Ostrom & Schlager, 1996) 1. Use (operational-level) rights: - access rights authorize entry into the fishery, or a specific fishing ground. - withdrawal (harvest) rights typically involve the right to engage in a specific level of fishing effort or to take a specific catch 2. Collective choice rights: - managementrights authorize the holders to participate in management and governance of the fishery - exclusionrights provide the authority to determine the qualifications necessary to access the fishery and “withdraw” resources. (the holders of exclusion rights are mandated to allocate use rights. - alienation rights authorize the transfer or sale of the other collective-choice rights.
** access rights and harvest rights are considered as use rights
