Getting to California

1. Ch 11 Sec 3: The Rise of Segregation • sharecropper – landless farmers who had to give the landlord a large share of their crops to cover their costs for rent and farming supplies (usually former slaves) • poll tax – required all citizens registering to vote to pay a tax in order to vote (aimed at African Americans) • grandfather clause – allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867 • segregation – separation of people by race or ethnic origin either by law or by circumstances • Jim Crow laws – laws in the Deep South put in place to enforce segregation and reject Reconstruction laws • Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court ruling in 1896 that said separate facilities for different races could exist as long as they were equal. Became the basis for legalized segregation in the South for the next 58 years. • lynching – execution without proper court proceedings Getting to California

2. Resistance and Repression • After Reconstruction, most African Americans were sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to give the landlord a large share of their crops to cover their costs for rent and farming supplies. (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

3. Resistance and Repression(cont.) • Some African Americans that stayed in the South formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance. • The organization worked to help its members set up cooperatives. (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

4. Resistance and Repression(cont.) • Many African Americans joined the Populist Party. • Threatened by the power of the Populist Party, Democratic leaders began using racism to try to win back the poor white vote in the South. (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

5. Resistance and Repression(cont.) • By 1890 election officials in the South began using methods to make it difficult for African Americans to vote. (pages 380–381) Section 3-7

6. Disfranchising African Americans • Southern states used loopholes in the Fifteenth Amendment and began to impose restrictions that barred almost all African Americans from voting. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

7. Disfranchising African Americans • In 1890 Mississippi required all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most African Americans could not afford to pay. What cost $2.50 in 1896 would cost $54.10 today. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

8. Disfranchising African Americans (cont.) • The state also required all prospective voters to take a literacy test. • Most African Americans had no education and failed the test. • This had a large differential racial impact, since 40-60% of blacks were illiterate, compared to 8-18% of whites. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

9. Disfranchising African Americans (cont.) • Other Southern states adopted similar restrictions. • Northern states did not object because many wanted to use them for immigrants as well. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

10. Disfranchising African Americans (cont.) • The number of African Americans and poor whites registered to vote fell dramatically in the South. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

11. Disfranchising African Americans (cont.) • This disenfranchised a large percentage of the Southern population. (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

12. Disfranchising African Americans (cont.) • To allow poor whites to vote, some Southern states had a grandfather clause in their voting restrictions. • This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867. • Some didn’t want even the poor whites to vote fearing they would support the Populist Party rather than the Traditional Democrats of the South (page 382) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

13. Legalizing Segregation • In the late 1800s, both the North and the South discriminated against African Americans. • In the South, segregation, or separation of the races, was enforced by laws known as Jim Crow laws. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

14. Legalizing Segregation • In 1883 the Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875. • The ruling meant that private organizations or businesses were free to practice segregation. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

15. Legalizing Segregation(cont.) • Southern states passed a series of laws that enforced segregation in almost all public places. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

16. Legalizing Segregation(cont.) • The Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson endorsed “separate but equal” facilities for African Americans. • This ruling established the legal basis for discrimination in the South for over 50 years. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

17. Homer Plessy, the man who fought the Louisiana law, was actually 7/8 white. He had one great grandparent that was black. Notice the press picture of the incident to the left and his actual photograph on the right. FYI 1-1a

18. Legalizing Segregation(cont.) • In the late 1800s, mob violence increased in the United States, particularly in the South. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

19. Legalizing Segregation(cont.) • Between 1890 and 1899, hundreds of lynchings–executions without proper court proceedings–took place. • Most lynchings were in the South, and the victims were mostly African Americans. (pages 382–383) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

20. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3

21. The African American Response • In 1892 Ida B. Wells, an African American from Tennessee, began a crusade against lynching. • She wrote newspaper articles and a book denouncing lynchings and mob violence against African Americans. (pages 383–384) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

22. The African American Response (cont.) • Booker T. Washington, an African American educator, urged fellow African Americans to concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than legal or political ones. • He explained his views in a speech known as the Atlanta Compromise. (pages 383–384) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

23. The African American Response (cont.)    “The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. . . . It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of these privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house.”   - Booker T. Washington (pages 383–384) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

24. The African American Response (cont.) • The Atlanta Compromise was challenged by W.E.B. Du Bois, the leader of African American activists born after the Civil War. • Du Bois said that white Southerners continued to take away the civil rights of African Americans, even though they were making progress in education and vocational training. • He believed that African Americans had to demand their rights, especially voting rights, to gain full equality. (pages 383–384) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

25. DuBois believed in the policy of the Talented 10th. Dissatisfied with how the Progressive Movement forgot race as an issue Leads to the Niagara Movement which leads to the founding of the NAACP Publishes the magazine Crisis