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Transformations Around the Globe

Transformations Around the Globe. Chapter 12. China Resists Outside Influence. Section 1. Western economic pressure forces China to open foreign trade & influence 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient

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Transformations Around the Globe

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  1. TransformationsAround the Globe Chapter 12

  2. China Resists Outside Influence Section 1

  3. Western economic pressure forces China to open foreign trade & influence • 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador • China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient • Agriculture, mining, manufacturing is highly productive • China earns more from exports than it spends on imports • British smuggle opium; many Chinese become addicted China & the West

  4. 1839, Opium War erupts – fight caused by opium trade • China loses the war to more modern British navy • Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong • 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights • Rights mean foreigners exempt from Chinese laws at ports War Breaks Out

  5. Late 1830’s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China • 1850’s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast • 1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting & outside attacks by British & French • At least 20 million people died in the rebellion The Taiping Rebellion

  6. 1862-1908, Dowager Empress Cixi rules China • Reforms in education, government, & military • Prefers traditional way of life • China suffers attacks from other nations & forced to grant more rights to other countries • Europeans & Japan gain spheres of influence • Foreign nations controlled trade & investment • U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899) • Chinese trade open to all nations Foreign Influence Grows

  7. Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization – Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists • Known as “The Boxers” • 1900, they launch the Boxer Rebellion – their campaign for reforms • Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending the rebellion • Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism emerges The Boxer Rebellion

  8. Modernization in Japan Section 2

  9. Treaty of Kanagwa – Japan opens two ports to American ships • By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations • Meiji Era – time of reform by emperor, Mutsuhito • Makes reforms & modernizing using Western models • By early 1900, Japan had industrialized & is competitive with the West Japan Ends Its Isolation

  10. By 1890, has strong navy & large army • In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights • Japan forces Korea to open 3 ports to trade with • Japan & China agree not to send troops to Korea • China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea • Japan drives Chinese out of Korea & gains Chinese territory Imperial Japan

  11. 1903, Japan & Russia begin struggle over Manchuria • Japan attacks Russia in 1904 • 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth ends the war; Japan gained captured territories • Treaty drafted by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt • Signed off the coast of New Hampshire on a ship Russo-Japanese War

  12. Japan makes Korea a protectorate • 1910, Japan completes the annexation of Korea • Japan rules harshly in Korea which leads to Korean nationalism Japan Occupies Korea

  13. U.S. EconomicImperialism Section 3

  14. Economic system kept peasants in debt & landowners grew wealthy • Caudillos – military dictators – gain & hold power backed by the military • Ruled in most of Latin American countries • Reformers sometimes gain office, but eventually forced out • Wealthy landowners support caudillos; poor have few rights Latin America After Independence

  15. Depend on exporting 1 or 2 products • Trains & refrigeration increase demand for L. Am. food • L. Am. Imports manufactured goods • Build few schools, roads, & hospitals • Gov’t forced to borrow money from other countries • Loans not repaid, property repossessed; foreign control increases Latin American Economies

  16. Newly independent countries of Americas are insecure • 1823, Pres. James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine • Europe cannot colonize anything in North or South America The Monroe Doctrine

  17. 1895, Jose Marti, Cuban writer, launches war for Cuban independence • U.S. fights to help Cuba in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War • 1901, Cuba nominally independent; US has significant control • After war, Spain gives the U.S. – Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines Cuba Declares Independence

  18. U.S. wants faster way from going east to west by ship • Pres. T. Roosevelt backs idea of building canal across Panama • Colombia rejects Roosevelt’s $10 million canal offer • 1903, Panama gains independence from Colombia with the help of the U.S. • In return, Panama gives land to U.S. to build canal & the canal opens in 1914 Connecting the Oceans

  19. U.S. gains influence in L. America • Many U.S. business investments in Cuba & in other nations • 1904, T. Roosevelt issues update of the Monroe Doctrine • The Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can be the police power in North & South America • U.S. uses the corollary to justify repeated military interventions The Roosevelt Corollary

  20. Turmoil & Change in Mexico Section 4

  21. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana dominates politics in Mexico • President four times from 1833-1855 • 1820’s Mexican officials encourage Americans to settle in TX • “Anglos” settle in TX & want more self-government • Cause problems with Mexico • 1835, Texans revolt & win independence • Santa Anna looses power Santa Anna & Mexican War

  22. 1845, US annexes Texas; Mexico outraged • 1846, war breaks out between US & Mexico • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war • Northern 3rd of Mexico to US • Santa Anna, who had lost war, looses power again

  23. Conservatives plot with Europeans to defeat Benito Juarez • Liberal reformer who wanted to make changes • 1862, French sent army to Mexico & take control of country • Put Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor • Fighting continues for 5 years & Maximilian is defeated • Juarez president again until death in 1872 French Invade Mexico

  24. Porfirio Diaz takes power in 1876 • Builds power & suppresses opponents • Trades land for political support = elections meaningless • Brings order to Mexico, but freedom is reduced • Rich stay wealthy & poor suffer • Unrest over harsh rule grows throughout Mexico Diaz & “Order & Progress”

  25. Reformer Francisco Madero calls for armed revolt against Diaz • “Pancho Villa” – leader from north • Emiliano Zapata – leader from south • Both Villa & Zapata have significant victories over Diaz’s army • Diaz forced to step down – new elections in 1911

  26. 1911 – Madero elected President – unrest continues • 1913, Madero resigns & General Victoriano Huerta takes over • Rebels start fight that last 15 months & Carranza becomes President • Civil War ends in 1919 with Zapata’s death • Mexico gets new constitution which provides land reform, education, & worker’s rights Revolution & Civil War

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