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The Changing Life of the People Before and After 1750

The Changing Life of the People Before and After 1750. Marriage and the Family. Extended and the Nuclear Families Previous thought – Extended families gives way to Industrialism. New thought – Extended family was a rarity in western and central Europe by 1700

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The Changing Life of the People Before and After 1750

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  1. The Changing Life of the PeopleBefore and After 1750

  2. Marriage and the Family • Extended and the Nuclear Families • Previous thought – Extended families gives way to Industrialism

  3. New thought – Extended family was a rarity in western and central Europe by 1700 • Parents would move in with their children rather than the reverse

  4. Who Married ,When and Why

  5. Many never married • Those that did, married late – 27 yrs old • Economic conditions • Peasant sons would wait for inheriting land

  6. Peasant daughters would have to accumulate a dowry

  7. Marriage Ceremony

  8. Why… continued • Community controls • Many needed permission from local officials • Poor would be discouraged because they became a burden on the community

  9. Work Away from Home • Boys would go where the work was • Sometimes as an apprentice at 14 – forbidden to marry • Always subject to economic fluctuation

  10. Girls jobs were more limited • Domestic service was most common • Physical and mental abuse by the mistress of the house • Sexually exploited by family and friends of family

  11. “The Carnival”Social Inversion

  12. Premarital Sex and Community Controls • Up until 1750 illegitimacy was rare • Premarital sex was common • Going steady • Promised

  13. Community controls • Open field systems led to patterns of cooperation • Moved quickly to protect unwed mother • Carnival Season – humiliation rituals

  14. Community Controls…continued • Family planning was up to the couple • Contraception; 1700’s in urban areas- sheath • Created by Fallapio in 1564. He claimed to have invented a linen sheath,, as protection against syphilis • Coitus interruptus- Withdrawal

  15. The Cottage Industry • Cottage industry – wages made people independent • Courtship becomes freer

  16. New Patterns of Illegitimacy • 1750 to 1850 – “Illegitimacy Explosion” • Germany – rose to 25% • France 36% • More women were active • Fewer men would marry • Cottage industry – wages made people independent • Courtship becomes freer

  17. Illegitimacy…continued • Urbanization – growing population sent villagers to the city • Mobility … not subject to traditions • Promises were made, but not kept? Sincere or not?

  18. Children and Education • If the couple lived to 45 they had six or more children • One in three or one in five died - depending on social class • Parents neglect was a reason for mortality: Vicious circle • Schools • Most never learned to read but literacy was growing • The book hungry Public

  19. Child Care and Nursing • Lower class women breast fed • Longer then today • Reduces chance of pregnancy • Increases immunities • Upper-class rarely breast fed • Hired a wet nurse • Middle class women used a wet nurse so she could go to work

  20. Wet Nursing • Women were exploited • If they dried they were fired • Their own babies were neglected • Attitudes toward the nurses • Passed their bad traits to babies • Killing nurses – let the baby die to take another fee

  21. Foundlings and Infanticide • Christian Church through Jewish scriptures denounce practice • Overlaying … Austria made it illegal to take toddlers to bed with them. • Abortions were rare and dangerous • Foundlings – St Vincent de Paul. The wealthy donate to the cause… demonstrates social concern

  22. Foundlings continued… • Even so, by 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris were abandoned. 1/3 of those were from married couples… The working poor. • ½ of these died early

  23. Attitudes Toward Children • A minor concern of parents regardless of class- High infant mortality • “ One blushes to think of loving one’s children • But … What about evolution • But… What about Christianity • Child mortality rates were high so don’t become attached? • No doctors for the children • Vicious circle …

  24. Attitudes… continued • When attention was given was often abusive • “Spare the rod, spoil the child.” • Mother of John Wesley “conquer the will of the child.” • Cry silently to avoid more punishment

  25. Attitudes… • Early paupers were beaten in factories because it was considered normal • Enlightenment ideas appear • Rousseau.. Emile 1762 • Greater love and tenderness • Nurse your own child • Stop swaddling

  26. Schools and Popular Education • Aristocrats • 16th century often sent children colleges – Jesuits • Elementary education for the common – 18th century • Boys and girls 7-12 • Literacy and religion • The Reformation fostered education… competition for the mind of the people • Prussia leads the way 1717... Mandatory elementary ed. • Literacy rates skyrocket from 1600-1800.

  27. What Did They Read? • The educated public – Philosophical works • The commoners… • The Bible • Chap books • Fairy tales, Fictions, Adventures • Morality lessons • Almanacs – practical information

  28. Food and Medical Practices • The poor … Grains - bread, wine and beer and some vegetables, fruit was uncommon… Feel full • Ate less meat in the 1700’s then in the 1500’s • Poor were not allowed to hunt game. • The Just Price… bread was important. • Against free market ideas • So what this is bread

  29. Diets… Continued • The wealthy • Meat and more meat • Cheeses, nuts, sweets • Alcohol and more alcohol • Middle class – mixture of all • England, Holland’s poor ate best among the poor.

  30. The Impact on health • The poor lacked important vitamins – A and C • The rich had gout • The middle class mixed their diet. • The potato… A and C • 18th century tropical fruits appeared in maritime Europe • White bread • Sugar

  31. Medical Practitioners • The Enlightenment – courses are created • Women were restricted by the 1700’s • Faith healers – the countryside • Apothecaries – Purging • Physicians • Men • Wealthy • Served the wealthy • Practices – Bloodletting and purging • Surgeons – war allowed for practices to advance

  32. Medicine… continued • The Midwife • Witch hunt craze • Doctors helped eliminate the tradition • But may still remained • The Hospital • Dirty • Enlightenment – hospital reform • Mental hospitals – discipline, the lunatic, male masturbation… epilepsy, acne, and premature ejaculation… • Quacks … electricity • Small Pox … inoculation… Jenner

  33. Religion and Popular Culture • Religion • Church was woven into society • Charity • Education • Priest for Protestants was no longer the intermediaries. • Catholics less subject to the Pope… State controls Church • Jesuits… 1773 were dissolved by Rome. • Abolition of contemplative orders… Edict of Idle Institutions… Austria

  34. Protestant Revival • Germany – Pietism • Warm emotional religion • Priesthood for all believers • Christianity in everyday affairs • John Wesley – Methodists – England • Church of England was corrupt • Took his emotional appeal to the people • Rejects predestination

  35. Catholic Piety • Condemns paganism • Festivals were to remember Biblical events • The Piety of the people and the theological purity was mostly a compromise

  36. Leisure and Recreation • Carnival… wild release • Oral tradition for the common • Drinking and talking in a public place, taverns. • More Gin being made

  37. Leisure • Commercialization • Fairs • Entertainment • Blood sports • Gambling • Wedge grows between the common and the elite

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