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RNA interference ( RNAi )

RNA interference ( RNAi ). 王静 1040800110 杜永娟 1040800044. What is RNAi ? Historically Important Discoveries The Mechanism of RNA Interference (RNAi) The design of siRNAs The function of RNAi . What is RNAi ?. RNA interference (RNAi) –

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RNA interference ( RNAi )

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  1. RNA interference(RNAi) 王静 1040800110 杜永娟1040800044

  2. What is RNAi? • Historically Important Discoveries • The Mechanism of RNA Interference (RNAi) • The design of siRNAs • The function of RNAi

  3. What is RNAi ? RNA interference (RNAi) – • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces the homology-dependent degradation of cognate mRNA. • Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is induced by the direct introduction of dsRNA. • The term "RNA interference" was first used by researchers studying C. elegans.

  4. Historically Important Discoveries 20多年前,在对矮牵牛(petunias)进行的研究中有个奇怪的发现:Rich Jorgensen和同事将一个能产生色素的基因置于一个强启动子后,导入矮脚牵牛中,试图加深花朵的紫颜色,结果没看到期待中的深紫色花朵,多数花成了花斑的甚至白的。Jorgensen将将这种现象命名为协同抑制“cosuppression”,因为导入的基因和其相似的内源基因同时都被抑制。后来发现在其他许多植物中,甚至在真菌中也有类似的现象。  野生型     试验 预测

  5. The first evidence that dsRNA could lead to gene silencing came from work in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. • In 1995, researchers Guo and Kemphues were attempting to use antisense RNA to shut down expression of the par-1 gene in order to assess its function. As expected, injection of the antisense RNA disrupted expression of par-1, but quizzically, injection of the sense-strand control did too.

  6. 首次发现dsRNA能够导致基因沉默的线索来源于线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的研究。 1995年,康乃尔大学的研究人员Guo和Kemphues尝试用反义RNA去阻断 par-1 基因的表达以探讨该基因的功能,结果反义RNA的确能够阻断par-1基因的表达,但是注入正义链RNA作为对照,也同样阻断了基因的表达。

  7. In 1998, building on these previous studies, Andy Fire of the Carnegie Institute and Craig Mello of the University of Massachusetts for the first time demonstrated with the worm Caenorhabditis elegans that dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) may specifically and selectively inhibit the gene expression in an extremely efficient manner. • 直到1998年,华盛顿卡耐基研究院的Andy Fire和马萨诸塞大学医学院的Craig Mello才首次揭开这个悬疑之谜。得出双链RNA可非常有效的特意性的选择并抑制基因的表达。

  8. The phenomenon of RNA inference -universality

  9. RNAi现象广泛存在于线虫,果蝇,斑马鱼,真菌以及植物等生物体内。RNAi现象广泛存在于线虫,果蝇,斑马鱼,真菌以及植物等生物体内。 • 这些生物体利用RNAi来抵御病毒的感染,阻断转座子的作用。 • RNAi能高效特异的阻断基因的表达,在线虫、果蝇体内,RNAi能达到基因敲除的效果。 • 在小鼠和人的体外培养细胞中利用RNAi技术也成功阻断了基因的表达,实现了细胞水平的基因敲除。

  10. The Mechanism of RNA Interference (RNAi)

  11. The Enzymes Involved in RNAi • Dicer: A member of the RNase III family of dsRNA-specific endonucleases that cleaves dsRNAs to create siRNAs that are characterized by 2-nt-long 3' overhangs. • The protein contains foure domains.Dicer是RNaseIII家族中的一员,是特异识别双链RNA的核酸内切酶,能以一种ATP依赖的方式逐步(processive)切割由外源导入或者由转基因、病毒感染等各种方式引入的双链RNA,切割将RNA降解为19—21bp的双链RNAs(siRNAs),每个片断的3‘端都有2个碱基突出。 该蛋白含有四个结构域。

  12. RdRP: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; it catalyzes RNA synthesis using an RNA molecule as a template. • RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶,以RNA分子为模板合成RNA • RISC: RNAi silencing complex. The multicomponent machine that enforces silencing. a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediateds siRNA unwinding. The antisense strand of siRNA then guides RISC to tis homologous target mRNA for endonucleolytic cleavage. • RNA诱导沉默复合物,可增加沉默,是一种核蛋白复合物可使siRNA伸展, siRNA的反义链可指导RISC作为核酸内切酶将同源的靶mRNA分裂。

  13. siRNA--- small interfering RNA • siRNA: Small interfering RNA; it consists of two single stranded RNAs that form a duplex with 2-nt 3'overhangs; the antisense strand of this duplex is used to guide mRNA cleavage by RISC. The length of the duplex is specific. • siRNA:小的干扰RNA.包含两个单独的RNA链形成二倍体,其3‘端含有2个核苷酸,二倍体的反义链在RISC作用下指导mRNA的分裂,其长度是特异性的。

  14. 现有的RNAi机制的模型 •     通过生化和遗传学研究,产生了现有的RNAi作用机制模型,包括起始阶段和效应阶段. • 在起始步骤,加入的dsRNA被切割为21-23核苷酸长的小分子干扰RNA片段(small interfering RNAs ,siRNAs,又被称为引导RNAs:“guide RNAs” ). • 在RNAi效应阶段,siRNA双链结合一个核酶复合物从而形成RNA诱导沉默复合物(RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC)。激活RISC需要一个ATP依赖的将siRNA解双链的过程。激活的RISC通过碱基配对定位到同源mRNA转录本上,并在距离siRNA3‘端12个碱基的位置切割mRNA。研究表明每个RISC都包含一个siRNA和一个不同于Dicer的RNA酶。

  15. 由于在一些生物中RNAi的影响格外显著,有人提出在RNAi途径中可能存在某个(信号)扩增的步骤。这种扩增可能是复制外源注入的dsRNA从而产生更多的siRNA,也可能是直接扩增siRNA本身。这种扩增可能在RNA诱导沉默复合物(RISC)形成过程进行,作为RISC形成的补充,或者独立于RISC。由于在一些生物中RNAi的影响格外显著,有人提出在RNAi途径中可能存在某个(信号)扩增的步骤。这种扩增可能是复制外源注入的dsRNA从而产生更多的siRNA,也可能是直接扩增siRNA本身。这种扩增可能在RNA诱导沉默复合物(RISC)形成过程进行,作为RISC形成的补充,或者独立于RISC。 • 以SiRNA作为引物,以mRNA为模板,在RdRP作用下合成出mRNA的互补链。结果mRNA也变成了双链RNA,它在Dicer酶的作用下也被裂解成siRNA。这些新生成的siRNA也具有诱发RNAi的作用,通过这个聚合酶链式反应,细胞内的siRNA大大增加,显著增加了对基因表达的抑制。从21到23个核苷酸的siRNA到几百个核苷酸的双链RNA都能诱发RNAi,但长的双链RNA阻断基因表达的效果明显强于短的双链RNA。

  16. The RNAi and stRNA pathways intersect. In both pathways, Dicer acts to generate the active small RNA regulator: siRNAs from dsRNA and stRNAs from -70 nt stRNA precursors. siRNAs trigger destruction of a perfectly complementary target RNA; stRNAs are thought to repress the translation of targets with which they pair imperfectly.

  17. siRNAs vs stRNAs • siRNAs may be generated from any double-stranded RNA of sufficient size, stRNAs are generated from longer stem–loop precursors that are explicitly encoded in the genome. • The stRNAsdo not cause mRNA degradation, but rather act through specific sequence elements in the 3′ untranslated regions of their target mRNAs, apparently affecting translation.

  18. siRNA还能够通过某种不太明了的机制永久地关闭或者删除DNA片断,以在非常大的程度上控制染色质的形成,而不是仅仅暂时地抑制它们的活动。siRNA还能够通过某种不太明了的机制永久地关闭或者删除DNA片断,以在非常大的程度上控制染色质的形成,而不是仅仅暂时地抑制它们的活动。 • 动植物和人体的病原体中有一些是RNA病毒,如导致艾滋病的HIV和SARS的冠状病毒都是RNA病毒。有些RNA病毒在复制过程的一定阶段中会产生双链RNA。如果宿主体内有分解这种双链RNA的酶,就可将双链RNA切割成许多小的片段,这种小片段会与病毒RNA基因组的同源部分结合,使病毒基因失去复制功能,也就不能危害宿主。所以RNAi是自然界生物长期进化形成的一种防御机制。

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