TOPIC: MY GOAL: GET ON TASK

1. ISN page 160-161 TOPIC: MY GOAL: GET ON TASK Thurs 02.27.13 MT 16, Genetics Iwill… get a brief overview of genetic technology If you did NOT take yesterday’s MiniSum, you will leave the room for the first 10 minutes while we go over it

2. Today

3. Copy this on to pages 160-161 • Genetic Technology • Genetic Engineering • direct human manipulation of an organism's genome –moving genes across species…for practical purposes • Recombinant DNA • rDNA is artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that would not normally occur together. • How it affects me • Transgenic Organism • has been genetically engineered having genes from more than one organism • GM Foods • genes in food are modified by man! • Gene Therapy • experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

4. Genetic Engineering refers to a set of technologies that are being used to change the genetic makeup of cells and move genes across species boundaries for practical purposes…but it also to produces novel aka weird organisms!

5. Genetic Engineering in MEDICINE

6. Gene Therapy In Medicine • Microbubbles used to deliver medicines… Ultrasound causes the bubbles to release drugs bound to them. They think that when this happens, these bubbles will put little holes in the vessel linings of the blood brain barrier. • We may be able to use these microscopic holes to get certain genes into the brain that would counteract some of the genetic disorders that are associated with Sanfilippo syndrome & other genetic disorders. • Gene therapy for sickle cell… By inactivating a gene they previously discovered to be important in the laboratory, they were able to boost production of a healthy fetal form of hemoglobin in the mice • potentially compensating for the defective adult hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to "sickle" and obstruct blood flow.

7. In Medicine, cont. Goats producing therapeutic proteins… Researchers have used gene therapy to reduce the time it takes to breed goats capable of producing therapeutic proteins in their milk, such as insulin or those that fight cancer. Mice & tumor suppressor genes… A mouse resistant to cancer, has been created at the U. of Kentucky… they found a tumor-suppressor gene called "Par-4" which kills cancer cells but not normal cells

8. GENE THERAPY

9. Gene Therapy • Experimental technique using genes to treat or prevent disease. • Researchers testing several types: • Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene  using viruses!!! • Viral DNA takes over human DNA http://www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/Lab_bio/simulacions/GeneTherapy/GeneTherapy.htm

10. Recombinant DNA TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/photos/12-bizarre-examples-of-genetic-engineering

11. Transgenic Organisms • 1 organism w/ two different genes – • Made by Recombining genes of two organisms  Called Recombinant DNA technology • Resulting organism called "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic." • Basically  are plants, animals, or bacteria that have been genetically modified to contain a gene from a totally different species 

12. Transgenic Organisms = one organism, 2 DNA’s Bacteria Gene + Human Gene Recombinant DNA

13. TransgenicPigs, Fish, Mice, & Bunnies!!! http://triplehelixblog.com/2010/10/sheep-goats-and-pigs-oh-my-milking-transgenic-animals-for-medicine/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4605202.stm http://www.mongabay.com/external/glowing_fish.htm http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/01/0111_020111genmice.html http://www.ekac.org/gfpbunny.html#gfpbunnyanchor

14. TransgenicPlants http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090318211236.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091230174128.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101027124734.htm

15. Transgenic Themed Art!! Eduardo Kac made “Alba” Patricia Puccinni "Natural History of the Enigma," in which Kac created a plantimal, a new life form he calls "Edunia", a genetically-engineered flower that is a hybrid of the artist and Petunia. The red veins are from his DNA!

16. GM FOODS

17. GM FOODS • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = asoil bacterium that produces insecticidal toxins. • Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxins & therefore resistant to certain pests

18. Genetically Modified Bananas • Uganda – 2007 - Bananas were engineered with rice genes that carry instructions for proteins called chitinases. Chitinases break up molecules called chitin – found in insect skeletons and also the cell walls of fungi. • Australia 2010 - GM bananas are being developed as part of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is aimed at alleviating mineral & health deficiencies in East Africa.  GM bananas had genes added to increase the levels of pro-vitamin A and iron in the fruit  could be available in East Africa in five years.

19. GM FOODS Tomatoes + Genes from snapdragons = anthocyanin pigment that is an antioxident – seems to inhibit growth of cancer cells Pluots = Plum + Apricot = extra Vit. C Tangelo = Tangerine + Grapefruit = extra fiber & Vit. C Diabetes-fighting lettuce = no more injections! UCF professor has created a GM strain of that carries the insulin gene. The lettuce cells protect the insulin on its journey through the digestive tract, and when the insulin reaches the intestines, the body’s natural insulin-producing response is triggered. Tangelo

20. The Lemato! Okay, so a lemon and a tomato aren’t the most natural of pairs, but that didn’t stop Israeli researchers from bringing us the Lemato! Unlike other genetically altered fruits and veggies (which were created primarily for health reasons)……. it appears that the lemato was solely an experiment to determine if it was possible to make tomatos give off the scent of lemons. Mission accomplished!

21. GM FOODS

22. How to spot GM fruits & vegetables at the store • For conventionally grown fruit (grown with chemicals inputs), the PLU code on the sticker consists of 4 numbers. • Organically grown fruit has a 5-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 9. • Genetically engineered (GM) fruit has a five-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 8. • Example:  • Conventional banana = 4011.  • Organic banana = 94011. • GM banana = 84011.

23. Genetic Engineering and Ethical Concerns Ethics = What is right & what is wrong… according to your own personal views & the views of society

24. What’s the Point? • GM products include medicines & vaccines, foods & food ingredients, feeds, and fibers. • Ex. Glowing tomatoes – glow gene from jellyfish • Ex. Florescent Green pigs to see development • To make fish bigger • To make crops yield more • Dev. ‘no tear’ onion • Dev. Colored cotton • Enhance taste of foods • Increased food security for starving nations • To dev. transplant organs from animals: pig hearts • Make medicine (insulin from transgenic bacteria & pigs)

25. Borrowed Genes http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/07/30/washington/20070730_biotech_graphic.html

26. Bio Ethics • The study of ethical issues and decision-making associated with the use of living organisms • Balancing benefits & risks. • While scientific research has produced social benefits, it has also posed some troubling ethical questions  not everyone agrees with it…. http://io9.com/#!345728/geneticists-discover-a-way-to-extend-lifespans-to-800-years

27. Who has a right to your DNA? • There are companies that market a service in which you can pay $1000.00 to find out what your DNA code says about you… “Discover your genetic risk for 47 diseases and traits ranging from Heart Attack and Diabetes to Alcohol Flush Reaction and Testicular Cancer” • What do you think it would feel like to know what your DNA said about you? Would you want to know what your DNA says? • If people know your DNA, do you think you would be discriminated against – personally or professionally????

28. So what do we do??? "Genetic engineering is inherently dangerous, because it greatly expands the scope for horizontal gene transfer and recombination, precisely the processes that create new viruses and bacteria that cause disease epidemics, and trigger cancer in cells." - Dr. Mae-Wan Ho No matter how you feel about GMO’s, the Earth’s population is estimated to hit 7 billion people this year. How do we feed all of these people if not through genetically engineered crops & animals?

29. Stand up for someone if you know they are being bullied…. Why? Because it’s the RIGHT thing to do KARMA! HOMEWORK Be the change you wish to see in the world