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Chapter 2. Developmental Theories. Theory: A Definition. A set of interrelated statements that provides an explanation for a class of events. Psychoanalytic Theories. The view that personality is fashioned progressively as the individual passes through various psychosexual stages:
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Chapter 2 Developmental Theories
Theory: A Definition • A set of interrelated statements that provides an explanation for a class of events.
Psychoanalytic Theories • The view that personality is fashioned progressively as the individual passes through various psychosexual stages: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. • Three states of being: id, superego, ego
Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Development • The Role of the Unconscious • Psychosexual Stages • Fixation
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development • Epigenetic Principle • Stages pose tasks and crises that individuals must struggle through. • Personality development takes place throughout the entire life span.
Erikson’s Nine Stages • Trust vs. mistrust • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt • Initiative vs. guilt • Industry vs. inferiority • Identity vs. identity confusion • Intimacy vs. isolation • Generativity vs. stagnation • Integrity vs. despair • Despair vs. hope and faith
Behavioral Theory • Concerned with observable behavior: what people do and say. • Behavior divided into units: responses • Environment divided into units: stimuli • Also called learning theory
Classical Conditioning • Process of stimulus substitution in which a new, previously neutral stimulus is substituted for the stimulus that naturally elicits a response
Operant Conditioning • A type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior alter the strength of that behavior
Behavior Modification • Pathological behavior is acquired through learning. • The way to eliminate an unwanted behavior is to stop reinforcing it.
Cognitive Theory • Cognition: Acts or processes of knowing • Representing, organizing, treating, and transforming information as we devise our behavior.
Jean Piaget • Cognitive Stages in Development: Sequential periods in the growth or maturing of an individual’s ability to think--to gain knowledge, self-awareness, and awareness of the environment.
Cognitive Stages in Development • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete • Formal
Cognitive Learning and Information Processing • Cognitive Learning (Bandura, Mischel, Rosenthal and Zimmerman) • Imitation of behavior of socially competent models • Self-Efficacy • Use of symbols
Ecological Theory • Centers on the relationship between the developing individual and the changing environment. • Focus on the relationship between the person and the environment .
Sociocultural Theory • Development (Vygotsky): • Determined by the activity of groups a.Child interacts with other persons b.Assimilates social aspects of activity c.Takes information and internalizes it d. Social values become personal values
Mechanistic Model: Focuses on the universe as a machine composed of elementary particles in motion Continuity: Learning is cumulative, building on itself. Organismic Model: Focuses on the universe as a whole Discontinuity: Individual is seen as passing through stages. Controversies • Different tasks call for different theories • Eclectic Approach: Selects from the various theories
Nature Versus Nature: • The “Which” Question • The “How Much” Question • The “How” Question
Behavioral Genetics • Jerome Kagan: Timidity Studies • The Minnesota Twin Project • Polygenic inheritance
Evolutionary Adaptation Theory • Natural Selection (Charles Darwin) • Ethology • Releasing Stimuli • Imprinting • Critical Period • Sensitive Period
