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FUNGI

FUNGI. Basic Characteristics. Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts. Inside of a Fungus. FUNGI. 3 phyla: Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota.

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FUNGI

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  1. FUNGI

  2. Basic Characteristics • Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food. • Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. • Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts.

  3. Inside of a Fungus

  4. FUNGI • 3 phyla: • Zygomycota • Basidiomycota • Ascomycota

  5. Ascocarp – cuplike structure from which ascospores are released ASCOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  6. “sac fungi” – sacs (asci) within ascocarp ASCOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  7. Brewer’s & baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  8. morels ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  9. truffles ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  10. Asexual – conidia, budding Sexual – asci produce ascospores ASCOMYCOTAreproduction

  11. ASCOMYCOTAreproduction

  12. Basidiocarp aboveground structure consisting of a stalk & cap with rows of gills radiating out from the center BASIDIOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  13. BASIDIOMYCOTAcharacteristics • “club fungi” – clublike basidia

  14. mushrooms BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  15. Jelly fungi BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  16. Puffballs BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  17. BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples • Bracket fungi

  18. Asexual – rare Sexual – basidia produce basidiospores BASIDIOMYCOTAreproduction

  19. BASIDIOMYCOTAreproduction

  20. ZYGOMYCOTAcharacteristics • Mostly terrestrial found primarily in soil rich in organic matter

  21. Bread mold (Rhizopus) Penicillium species ZYGOMYCOTAexamples

  22. ZYGOMYCOTAreproduction

  23. Asexual - sporangiospores Sexual – conjugation results in zygospores ZYGOMYCOTAreproduction

  24. Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. • Fungi reproduce sexually by producing spores. (Look back at different phyla).

  25. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. • Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. • decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals • return nutrients to the soil • can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

  26. Fungi can act as pathogens. • human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot • plant diseases include Dutch elm disease • Mold spores • Attack crops (corn)

  27. Fungi can act as mutualists. - lichens form between fungi and algae - mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

  28. Benefits/Advantages • Production of antibiotics – penicillin, cephalosporin • Yeast is used to produce ethanol, a main ingredient in the automobile fuel gasohol

  29. Benefits • Used in food industry: • Mushrooms used as food – Agaricus (white button), shiitake, portabella, truffles, morels • Cheeses – blue, brie • Beer, wine – yeast used in fermentation • Soy products – miso, soy sauce, tofu • Breads – yeast causes bread to rise

  30. Benefits • Many are decomposers – cycle matter & nutrients in the ecosystem

  31. Disadvantages • Mold spores can cause mild to severe allergies – sniffling, sneezing, & respiratory distress • Attack food crops – corn, beans, onions, squashes, tomatoes • Cause skin infections – athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, vaginal yeast infection • Can be poisonous • Amanita (“death angel” or “destroying angel”) can destroy the liver within 1 week • Aspergillus produce aflatoxins – poisons that cause liver cancer

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