Welcome to 3 rd Marking Period

1. Welcome to 3rd Marking Period

2. Objective: 1/30/18 Provided notes & an activity, SWBAT explain that motivation is driven by interactions between biological, environmental, or social factors. Agenda: -Do Now -Notes -Activity

3. Do Now: • Complete the motivation and emotion survey to see how motivated you are!

4. Motivation, Emotion & Stress:Motivation AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT 9 Designated Unit: Unit II The Biological Bases

5. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Humans who have had ulcerated/cancerous stomachs removed do not experience hunger • False • Part of knowing when to eat is the memory of our last meal • True • People are less willing to try novel animal-based foods than novel vegetable-based foods • True

6. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Men’s descriptions of the feelings that accompany sex cannot be distinguished from those of women • True • Normal fluctuations in sex hormones have significant effect on human sexual desire • False • Homosexuality is linked with problems in a child’s relationship with parents • False

7. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • When asked “what is it that makes your life meaningful?” most people mention “meaningful work” before anything else • False • Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide and early death than are unattached people • True

8. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • People report the greatest enjoyment of life when they are quietly relaxing • False • The most satisfied and successful people spend more time correcting their deficiencies than accentuating their strengths • False

9. Motivation: The Basics Part one

10. Motivation: The Basics • Motivation • A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal • Influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior • Sources of Motivation • Biological, Emotional, Cognitive & Social Factors

11. Motivation: The Basics • Extrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment • Example • Studying for a test (to get an A or to avoid an F) • Problem • Behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation will not be effectively sustained once the reward is removed • Behavior levels may be lower than before the reward was given

12. Motivation: The Basics • Intrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner • Has an edge over extrinsic motivation in some areas, especially creativity • Tends to result in higher achievement

13. Motivation: Theories of Motivation Part TWO

14. Theories: Instinct Theory • A theory of motivation that asserts that human behavior is guided by innate biological instincts • Instinct • A fixed pattern that occurs without learning; rigidly patterned within a species • Examples • Imprinting, salmon spawning, rooting reflex • Basic human instincts?

15. Theories: Drive Reduction Theory • An approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal tensions (drives) to push the organism towards satisfying the need, thus reducing tension & arousal • Primary Drives (innate ex: thirst, hunger) v. Secondary Drives (learned by conditioning, money) • Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis

16. Theories: Arousal Theory • A theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation • Goals • Increase arousal when it’s too low • Decrease arousal when it’s too high

17. Theories: Arousal Theory (Example) • It’s Friday night & you’re sitting at a restaurant with 3 friends who are all taking the SAT in the morning... • Friend A: “You know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to a trade school and I’m only taking the test because my parents want me to. Can I have some of your fries?” • Friend B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going to permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s the ketchup?” • Friend C: “It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it will change my life forever. I’m so nervous, I can’t eat…”

18. Theories: Yerkes-Dodson Law • The theory that psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a certain point • The optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task • Each person has an optimum level of stimulation that they prefer to maintain • Friend B would probably perform best on the test • Too much or too little arousal can decrease performance • Friend A has too low a level & Friend C is over stimulated

19. Theories: Incentive Theory • A theory of motivation in which incentives (either positive or negative stimuli) pull us toward a goal • Behavior is guided by the lure of reward and the threat of punishment

20. Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) • Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs, stating that some needs take priority over others • Begins at the base with physiological needs, and then proceeds through safety needs to psychological needs • Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied

22. Theories of Motivation Chart • Complete the chart to review the theories of motivation. • Once you have completed the chart, fill in the blanks on the back of the sheet.

23. Objective 2/1/18 Provided notes and activities, SWBAT explain and discuss the physiological determinants on hunger & cultural influences on hunger. Agenda: -Do Now -Notes -Activity

24. Do Now 2/1/18 Reading Quiz, this is an individual quiz, you may not use your notes!

25. Motivation: Hunger “Hunger does something to you that’s hard to describe…”

26. The Biological Bases of Hunger

27. Motivation: Hunger • Hunger DOES NOT come from our stomach • It comes from our brain • Hypothalamus • Regulates appetite; serves as a weight “thermostat” • Damage to this area can cause weight gain due to lack of restraint in eating

28. Motivation: Hunger • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • Depresses hunger (upon stimulation) • If the VMH is destroyed, one will overeat • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • Brings on hunger (upon stimulation) • If the LH is destroyed, one will under eat

29. Motivation: Hunger The Hypothalamus & Hormones

31. Motivation: Hunger • Weight Set Point • The point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) • The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting • When the body falls below the set point, increased hunger and a lower BMR may act to restore the lost weight…

32. Motivation: Hunger • Implications for Dieting • A “normal” weight person who overeats will experience an increase in metabolism, thus preventing weight gain • A “normal” weight person who under eats will experience a decrease in metabolism, thus preventing weight loss • The body reacts as if it is in starvation mode…

33. Motivation: Hunger • Set Point Theory explains why so many “successful” dieters regain the weight; they return to set point • Erik Chopin • Set Point? • Still valid? • Settling Point?

34. The Psychology of Hunger

35. Motivation: Hunger • External Influences • Sight, sound and smell of food • Memory (of last meal…) • Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food • Cultural/Environmental Influences • Taste preferences • Biology or culture? • Sweet & salty are genetic & universal • Others? • Conditioned & in many cases adaptive

36. Motivation: Hunger • Anorexia Nervosa • An eating disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight (15%) • Self-starvation diets, extreme exercise regimens and delusions • Bulimia Nervosa • An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (high-caloric foods), followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise • Characterized by weight fluctuations • Binge-Eating Disorder

37. Motivation: Hunger • Some statistics (WHO, 2007) • Overweight: 1 billion+ • Clinically Obese: 300 million (BMI of 30+) • Which is more dangerous? • Apple or pear shape? • Why? • Obesity • A disorder characterized by excessive weight • Obesity increases the risk for a number of health issues • Obesity gene? Heritability of obesity?

38. Motivation: Sex paRT FOUR

39. Motivation: Sex • Obviously… • Sex is natural • Without sex, none of us would be here • “Sex is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive…” • So… • How do researchers study sex?

40. The Biological Bases of Sex

41. Motivation: Sex • Alfred Kinsey (1950s) • Researcher/biologist at the University of Indiana • Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female • Held confidential interviews with 18,000 people in the early 1950s • Pioneer in terms of sex research • The Kinsey Scale (1-6)

42. Motivation: Sex

43. Motivation: Sex • William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1960s) • Set out to explore the physiology of sex • 382 females and 312 males • After their research was complete they ran an institute that claimed to “turn” gay people straight • Described the sexual response cycle • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution

45. Motivation: Sex • Hormones & Sexual Behavior • Sex hormones… • Impact the development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • More loosely in humans than in animals… • Impact of testosterone • In men? • In women? • Hormone fluctuations are normal…

46. Sexual Problems/ Dysfunction • Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems • Premature ejaculation • Erectile disorder • Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders

47. Motivation: Sex • Teen Pregnancy • Factors • Statistics • Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Factors • Statistics

48. Motivation: Sex • Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex and/or either sex • Statistics • Origins of Sexual Orientation • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation