Medieval

1. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY New weapons were developed in WW1 meaning new technology had to be developed to treat wounded soldiers. Development of the microscopehelped Pasteur and Koch to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation through experimentation. Little scientific knowledge was available. This hindered medical treatment. The first microscope was invented in 1677. This allowed scientists to see tiny organisms in food, animals and humans. The developments in this period included the x-ray machine, skin grafts, blood banks and keyhole surgery. Lister experimented with aseptic surgery and used carbolic acid to kill bacteria. He developed the methods of his predecessors. Islamic medicine was much more progressive. Muslim doctors used better methods and tried to discover curesand new drugs. Jenner carried out experimentsthat led to the development a smallpox vaccine. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

2. COMMUNICATION Newideas spread rapidly as a result of the television, media and the internet. Doctors became aware of the work being carried out by other physicians and scientists. The Printing Press was invented in 1440. This meant that new ideas could be spread much more easily. Communication was slow so ideas failed to spread. Little was known and old ideas were popular. Pasteur’s work on Germ Theory inspired Joseph Lister and Robert Koch to continue to develop ideas and improve public health. Television and radio finally made people aware of the health risksassociated to things like eating habits, smoking and alcohol abuse. The Renaissance meant that people became more educated. It inspired people to search for new ideas and experiment. The collapse of the Roman Empire meant that many ideas were lost. Some survived in the teachings of Arab Doctors. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

3. ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL James Simpson pioneers the use of chloroformas an anaesthetic. Pain had been a huge barrier to medical treatment. Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree both complete reports that inspire the government to legislate on public health. Hippocratesdeveloped the theory of the Four Humours. The Hippocratic Oath is still important today. William Harvey questioned Galen and discovered that the heart pumped blood around the body. Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacoleworked hard to improve conditions in British hospitals during the Crimean War. Aneurin Bevan establishes the NHSin 1948 as part of the welfare state. Vesaliuscarried outdissectionswhile studying anatomyand discovered that Galen was wrong. Galendeveloped the work of Hippocrates and developed the theory of opposites. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

4. RELIGION AND SUPERSTITION Beliefs changedas more successful treatments become available to the public. Fewer people believed illness was a punishment for sin. They begin to adopt a scientific approach. Christianity dominated medical treatment and public health. Illness was believed to be punishment from God. Quack treatmentsbecame more popular. These ‘medicines’ were in effectuseless. Scientific discoveries are just one of the reasons why people have become less religious. Traditional views on illness became much less popular. Attitudes changed. Many Christians thought it better to help the sick rather than argue about religion. People began to question religious beliefs. Experimentation challenged supernatural explanations for illness. Islamic Medicine was progressive. The Islamic religion encouraged medical learningand discovery. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

5. GOVERNMENT Despite criticism, the governmentsupported Jenner and by 1853 smallpox vaccination is made compulsory. British and US governments funded research into penicillinduring WW2 and continued to fund developments post-war. The Government was laissez-faireand believed that public health was not their problem to solve. Some medieval town councils passed laws to improve cleanliness but struggled to enforce them. The 1848 and 1875Public Health Acts marked a shift in the government’s approach. They realised public health was their problem too. After the Liberal Government introduced their liberal forms, the NHS was created as part of the Welfare Statein 1948. After the Black Death the government passed the Statute of Labourers to keep them in their place. During the Great Plague the Mayor of London orders watchmen to guard houses of sick familiesto contain illness. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

6. SURGERY AND TREATMENT Blood transfusions were pioneered and new techniques were developed and improvements were made to cleaning wounds. Mortality rates during this period from surgery dropped from 40% to as low as 10% Surgery killed more people than it saved but John Hunter believed the best way to treat deep wounds was to leave as much as possible to nature! Barber surgeons travelled the country treating wounded soldiers and carrying out simple procedures like bloodletting. More complex surgery can be carried out and in more advanced hospitals. Success rates are at their highest. Painin surgery was still a huge problem. Anaesthetics like chloroform were developed. It was hard to give the right dose. Surgeons had no formal training and mainly learned on the job. Most were apprenticedto other surgeons. Pain, bleeding andinfectionwere the biggest problems for surgeons to solve. Mortality rates were high. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

7. HOSPITALS Changes were made to the training of doctors and nurses. Hospitals were reorganised. Hospital wards were cleaned up. This drastically cut mortality rates The Foundling Hospital opened in 1741 to provide care for abandoned children. Hospitals in medieval Britain mostly cared for patients rather than providing treatments. The first nurse training school was set up at St. Thomas’ Hospital. Florence Nightingale raised £44,000 to fund it. Part of the NHS plans were new hospitals. As a result, the rate of many killer diseases began to fall for the first time. Bedlam in London was founded by the Church and cared for homeless and mentally sick. The Hotel Dieuin Paris cared for sick and poor. The number of hospitals grewand they started to treatthe sick rather than just providing hospitality. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

8. WAR WW1 and WW2 saw major developments for treatments. Plastic surgery and prosthetic limbs were developed and advanced. When the Boer War broke out in 1899 thousands of volunteers were rejected as they were too unfit to serve. Surgeons learnt their skills on the battlefield. John Ardenedeveloped his painkilling ointment treating major wounds. During the Napoleonic War many soldiers died from smallpox. This increased support for vaccination. Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacoleworked as nurses during the Crimean War and helped to clean up hospitals and cut mortality rates. The Crusades and the Hundred Years’ War were among the many conflicts of the period. WW2 led to the Beveridge Report and then the creation of the Welfare State AmbroiseParédeveloped his painkilling ointment as a surgeon in the French army. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

9. CHANCE (LUCK) Charles Chamberland and the chicken cholera germ. Alexander Fleming and the discovery of Penicillin Ambroise Paré and the development of his painkilling ointment. Much ancient medical knowledge was lost. Charles Chamberlandworked for Louis Pasteur. He left the chicken cholera germ out on his desk by accident. The germ weakened and the chickens developed an immunity. Flemingnoticed the bacteria killing qualities of the mouldPenicillinNotatumby chance in 1928 Ambroise Paréran out of cauterising oil and improvised to create his pain- killing ointment (turpentine, egg white and rose oil). The collapse of Rome and frequent war erased ancient medical progress and hindered medicine. Medieval Renaissance Industrial Modern

10. REVISION IDEAS FOR THE ROLE OF FACTORS Create a mind map for each factor. Colour code each time or period to organise your work. Attempt an essay question or plan an answer to master your knowledge. Read through your notes. Select a coloured highlighter for each factor and highlight your work. Create cue cards with a factor or time/period written on them. In pairs, select a card and see what you can recall. Reviewing Organising Testing Mastering