Opening of China and Japan

1. Opening of China and Japan East Meets West Hmmm, at the barrel of a gun?

2. China • Self-sufficiency of Chinese civilization • For centuries, China sent more goods and inventions to Europe than received • Europeans, English particularly had developed a taste for Chinese tea • China uninterested in European wares

3. China • Qing Dynasty: Chinese Imperial Gov’t • Carefully regulated trade • Viewed Europeans as “sea barbarians” • Not interested in pursuing commercial exchange nor in diplomatic relations • All foreign merchants must live in southern city of Canton • Sale of opium and export of silver forbidden

4. China • By 1820s dominant English were flexing their muscles • Had found something the Chinese wanted: opium • Grown legally in British occupied India, smuggled into China by fast ships/ bribed officials • More it grew, more greedy Brit merchants

5. China • By 1836, British merchants in Canton wanted independent British colony in China • These pressured British government to take decisive action

6. Opium Wars

7. China • Qing decided opium trade must be stamped out • Ruining the people, stripping empire of its silver (going to British merchants to pay for opium) • Started prosecution of Chinese drug dealers

8. China • New envoy, Lin Tse-hsu sent to Canton • Orders foreign merchants to obey Chinese laws • British merchants refused • Using troops from India, control of the seas, British occupied several coastal cities, forcing China to surrender

9. China’s Opium Wars

10. Treaty of Nanking: 1842 • Imperial gov’t forced to cede island of Hong Kong to Britain forever • Pay indemnity of $100 million • Open up four large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs

11. China after Treaty of Nanking • Opium trade flourished • Hong Kong developed rapidly as Anglo-Chinese enclave • China continues receiving foreign diplomats in Beijing (Peking), the imperial city

12. China after Treaty of Nanking • 2nd round of foreign attack: 1856-1860 • Beijing occupied by 17,000 British and French troops • Followed by another round of harsh treaties • Forced Chinese to accept trade and investment on unfavorable terms for more cities

13. Japan • Had even less use for Westerners • Had sealed itself off since 1640 from all European influences • For the US: what about • Shipwrecked American sailors/provisioning of whaling ships and China traders sailing in Eastern Pacific? • No hope of trade or profit?

14. Japan • Several American attempts proved futile • 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Edo (now Tokyo) Bay • Demanded diplomatic negotiations with emperor • Grave crisis! • Reluctantly signed treaty opening two ports and permitted trade • More treaties over next five years

15. Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan 1853

16. Commodore Matthew Perry arrives to meet the Shogun of Japan in 1853

17. Japan • Following treaties gave more rights and privileges to Western nations/merchants • Japan was “opened” • What British had done with war in China, Americans had done with threat of war.

18. Treaty Ports of China Between 1842 and 1942, foreign power emanated from treaty ports. Were tiny enclaves of foreign influence and government located throughout much of coastal and eastern China. A few in such isolated regions as Tibet, Mongolia and Sinkiang

19. Three primary types of Treaty Ports • Treaty Ports • Settlements • Concessions • Settlements and concessions were real enclaves of foreign control

20. Treaty Ports Generally applied to all cities, usually on coastal or navigable waterways, that were open to foreign commerce. Contained foreign administered Chinese Maritime Customs office. No de jure foreign district although foreign residents tended to congregate together in one or two areas.

21. Treaty Ports After 1860, foreigners legally free to travel anywhere in China. Direct commercial activities, residence and property rights restricted to designated treaty ports/other specified cities open to foreign trade. Missionaries had the right to live, own or lease property, and work anywhere in China.

22. Treaty Ports Located within treaty ports were the foreign consulates, local offices of foreign business concerns, and other manifestations of Western and, later, Japanese influence

23. Settlements Usually designated districts under the control of the resident foreign consuls Generally considered Chinese soil governed by foreigners Separate municipalities from the surrounding Chinese cities

24. Concessions “de jure” colonies of the nation leasing the property. Legally, as leased foreign soil, Chinese and nationals of other countries could be individually excluded from entry, residence, and property ownership.

25. Concessions Overwhelming population of nearly all settlement and concession areas was Chinese. Within the concessions and settlements foreign courts, foreign officered and staffed police forces and, in some instances, military formations provided security.

26. Concessions Larger settlements and concessions had reliable public utilities, responsible government, and civic amenities such as race courses, upscale clubs, tidy public parks and well kept streets, not usually available in the surrounding Chinese cities.

27. Conclusion None of the settlements or concession areas was large, ranging from 8.73 sq. miles to as small as 12 acres. Largest was Shanghai: After "Opium War“ Britain forced China to open a concession in Shanghai and afterwards, all Western powers, America and Japanese, turned Shanghai into their heaven making it immune from Chinese governing

28. Safe Haven Treaty areas inadvertently provided a semi-safe haven beyond the easy reach of central government authorities for revolutionary elements during the Qing Era and later to other dissidents as well as criminals.

29. Safe Haven After the Japanese occupation of northern China, Chinese banks and customs authorities continued to function for a time in the foreign controlled areas generating revenue and doing business for the Chinese government beyond the reach of the Japanese.

30. Exposure to Western Liberalism Treaty areas also served as places where Chinese youth became exposed to Western Liberal ideas Missionary schools and universities

31. 6 Foreign Powers • Great Britain • Hong Kong 1842-1997 (Ceded and leased areas) • France • Kwangchowan1898-1946 (Leased area) • Germany • Tsingtao 1898-1914 (Former leased area occupied by Japan 1914 until 1922)

32. And….the U.S. • Following the Boxer Revolt a permanent U.S. guard maintained at the Peking Legation. • Fleet maintained by the U.S. Navy • squadron of small ships and gunboats in the Yangtze Valley from 1854 until 1942. • Beginning in 1854 patrols along the Yangtze showing flag, providing visible American presence.

33. 6 Foreign Powers • Russia • Port Arthur 1898-1905 (Leased area) • Portugal • Macau 1557-1999 • Japan • Taiwan 1895-1945 • Port Arthur 1905-1945