Claudio Acioly Surabaya 12-16 November 2018

2. Citywide Street-Led Slum Upgrading Claudio AciolySurabaya 12-16 November 2018 <

3. Presentation Overview • Facts on Slum • Defining Slums • The Impact of Slums • Call to Action: Propositions to Resolve the Slum Challenges • Citywide Street-led Slum Upgrading • Case Study • Exercise • Conclusion PRESENTATION TITLE, Date, VenueConference Name

4. Slums & Your City Discussion Questions

5. 1. Where in your city are slum areas mostly located? A.    Mostly in the center B.    Spread all around C.    Mostly in the periphery D.    It is not an issue

6. 2. What percentage of your city is informal housing/slum areas? A.    Less than 10% B.    10-25% C.     25-49% D.    50-74% E.     >75%

7. 3. Is slum upgrading/ informal housing part your city's comprehensive/ master plan? A.  Yes B.  No C.  I don’t know

8. 4. Have you, or do you intend to relocate residents for a slum upgrade project? A.  Yes B.  No C.  I don’t know

9. Discussion questions What kind of impact do slums/informal housing have on your city? (property ownership rights, land titles, inadequate/poor housing condition, flooding and/or poor sanitation) Do you involve residents in your slum upgrading initiatives?  If so, how? What types of initiatives has your city taken to upgrade slum areas? What are the major challenges you face in slum upgrading? Can anyone share some examples of how you have successfully worked with residents on slum upgrade projects?

10. 1 Part One Facts on Slums

11. 1 out of 4 people living in urban areas lives in slums. Source: Claudio Acioly Jr., UN-Habitat. State of the World Cities Report 2012/2013

12. Facts on Slums Over the past 10 years, the proportion of developing countries’ urban population living in slums has declined from 39% (2000) to 29.7% (2014) Thus implying that Target 11 of Millennium Development Goal 7 has been exceeded by double. Source: GUO, UN-Habitat, 2015.

13. Facts on Slums Despite these gains, however, around one quarter of the world’s urban population continues to live in slums. Since 1990, 213 million slum dwellers have been added to the global population. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

14. Source: Claudio Acioly Jr., UN-Habitat. State of the World Cities Report 2012/2013

15. Proportion of urban population living in slum area and Change in Proportion of urban population living in slum area in selected countries (2000 -2014) Source: GUO, UN-Habitat, 2015. Source: Claudio Acioly Jr., UN-Habitat. State of the World Cities Report 2012/2013

16. Source: UN-Habitat (2015). Country Slum Estimates.

17. Facts on Slums Over 90% of urban growth is occurring in the developing world. An estimated 70 million new residents are added to urban areas of developing countries each year. Over the next two decades, the urban population of the world’s two poorest regions — South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa — is expected to double. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

18. Slums in Africa Tanzania, Dares Salaam In Africa, over half of the urban population (61.7%) lives in slums. By 2050, Africa’s urban dwellers are projected to increase from 400 million to 1.2 billion. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

19. Slums in Asia In Asia, home to half of the urban population of the world, 30% of the urban population resides in slums. However, Asia was at the forefront of efforts to reach the MDG Target 11 Goal 7, with governments improving the lives of an estimated 172 million slum-dwellers. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

20. Slums in Latin America and Caribbean The regularization of informal housing has historically contributed to providing housing solutions, however informal settlements continue to be a significant feature of urban areas. At least 24% of the region’s urban population still reside in slums, in spite of a 9% decrease in recent years. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

21. Slums in the Arab Region The proportion of sub-standard housing varies from country to country. In some countries, informal settlement and slum dwellings form isolated, marginalized pockets, while in others from 67 to 94% of urban residents live under one or more housing deprivations. In some Gulf countries, for instance, housing conditions of low-income migrant workers are often very poor compared to the rest of the urban population. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

22. Slums in the Developed World • Trends North America, Australia and New Zealand, suggest that there are significant proportions of people who could be classified as living in contextually poor neighbourhoods. Europe, has experienced a rise of urban dwellers who cannot afford to pay rent Western European countries have more than 6% living in extremely precarious conditions. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

23. Facts on Slums There is a relationship between the growth of informal settlement and slums and the lack of adequate housing and land. While private sector investment in housing has been steady over the years, this investment has not translated into pro-poor, affordable housing. Some studies suggest that the affordable housing gap now stands at $650 billion a year and is expected to grow. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements (2015)

24. Slum Data Resources

25. 2 Part Two Defining Slums

26. Defining Slums Slums are the most deprived and excluded form of informal settlements characterized by poverty and large agglomerations of dilapidated housing often located in the most hazardous urban land. In addition to tenure insecurity, slum dwellers lack formal supply of basic infrastructure and services, public space and green areas, and are constantly exposed to eviction, disease and violence. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

27. Defining Slums Source: UN-Habitat. A Practical Guide to Designing, Planning, and Executing Citywide Slum Upgrading Programmes Household - a group of individuals living under the same roof - lacking one or more of the following five conditions: access to improved water access to improved sanitation facilities sufficient living area – not overcrowded structural quality/durability of dwellings security of tenure

28. Checklist to Determine Whether a Home is a Slum Source: UN-Habitat. A Practical Guide to Designing, Planning, and Executing Citywide Slum Upgrading Programmes

29. What Causes Slums? Source: UN-Habitat. A Practical Guide to Designing, Planning, and Executing Citywide Slum Upgrading Programmes Poor government policies The failure of the market and government to meet the enormous demand for decent and affordable housing Low state investment in infrastructure An ineffective urban planning system A misdirected regulatory system More general causes of urbanisation

30. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

31. 3 Part Three Impact of Slums

32. Why do slums exist? Limited options available to the poor in the formal land and housing market, both in terms of numbers and price. Barriers in accessing land and housing because of cumbersome, costly and time-consuming delivery processes. Building codes and planning regulations continue to be inappropriate for the poor. Urban planning practices focused on regulatory and normative planning have restricted rather than stimulated and enabled land development. Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

33. As a result… Low-income families are unable to access the formal market. Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

34. As a result… In central places of high land value, households are forced to occupy land that is not in demand because it is unsuitable for building. Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

35. As a result… Low-income households are forced to occupy as little space as possible, which leads to very high densities. Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

36. Impact on cities On the one hand, slums provide much-needed mixed land use to cities and have an active informal economy that, in many countries, provides the majority of jobs…. On the other hand, these informal jobs are unskilled, very-low-paid, and insecure livelihood options Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

37. Impact on cities Evidence suggests an inextricable link between location and the persistence of intergenerational poverty and economic inequality. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

38. Impact on cities Informal settlements and slums continue to be spatially disengaged from broader urban systems and remain excluded from mainstream urban opportunities. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

39. Impact on people: Health Vulnerability Slum conditions are a health risk- residents more vulnerable to communicable disease outbreaks Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

40. Impact on people: Climate Change Slums are often located in environmentally and geographically hazardous areas. Vulnerability is often exacerbated by climate change, and is continually life threatening as no alternatives are provided. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

42. Impact on people: Socio-spatial exclusion The processes that contribute to the geographic marginalization of particular individuals and groups because of where they live and who they are. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

43. Impact on people: Inequality reinforced Children playing in a slum area in Tondo, Manila, Philippines

44. Impact on people: Inequality reinforced Women are more likely to have lower education levels and face high rates of teen pregnancies. Children are constantly exposed to a whole range of impacts, unskilled youth are excluded from economic and employment opportunities. People with disabilities suffer with slums’ dilapidated infrastructure. Migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons affected by conflict and economic crisis face additional levels of vulnerability and marginalization through their uncertain status and lack of resources. Source: Habitat III Issue Papers: 22- Informal Settlements

45. Impact on people: Inequality reinforced Children playing in a slum area in Tondo, Manila, Philippines

46. Why should we act? Smart and productive cities of the future will be those in which slums are turned into vibrant neighbourhoods that are fully integrated into the city’s fabric and urban management systems, rather than remaining as vast islands of informality, social exclusion, poor housing and underdevelopment.  Source: UN-Habitat website

47. What does success look like? The slum dweller becomes a citizen The shack becomes a house The slum settlement becomes a neighborhood Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

48. Traditional Approaches to Slums Ignoring them Using slums for political purposes Eradication, eviction, and displacement Relocation Public housing Sites and services schemes Upgrading Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

49. Chronology of slum response Participatory Slum Upgrading (Millennium Development Goal 7, Target 11) Physical Upgrading Ignoring Politicizing Urban Renewal Relocation Public Housing Sites & Services Source: UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation

50. Lessons learned Source: UN-Habitat. A Practical Guide to Designing, Planning, and Executing Citywide Slum Upgrading Programmes Ignoring or using slums for political purposes only perpetuates the entrenched problems Eradication, eviction and displacement disconnectspeople from their communities, job opportunities and social networks- and often leaves people in places on the periphery far from opportunity or even homeless Public housing and relocation costs can be expensive and often also leaves residents disconnected, on the periphery and far from economic opportunity Slum upgrading, on the other hand, can keep communities in-tact, and provide a cost effective path to safe, decent, and affordable housing