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Numerical Methods Discrete Fourier Transform Part: Discrete Fourier Transform http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

Numerical Methods Discrete Fourier Transform Part: Discrete Fourier Transform http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu. For more details on this topic Go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Click on Keyword Click on Discrete Fourier Transform . You are free.

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Numerical Methods Discrete Fourier Transform Part: Discrete Fourier Transform http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

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  1. Numerical MethodsDiscrete Fourier Transform Part: Discrete Fourier Transform http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  2. For more details on this topic • Go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu • Click on Keyword • Click on Discrete Fourier Transform

  3. You are free • to Share – to copy, distribute, display and perform the work • to Remix – to make derivative works

  4. Under the following conditions • Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. • Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

  5. Chapter 11.04 : Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Lecture # 8 Major: All Engineering Majors Authors: Duc Nguyen http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Numerical Methods for STEM undergraduates 6/5/2014 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 5

  6. Discrete Fourier Transform Recalled the exponential form of Fourier series (see Eqs. 39, 41 in Ch. 11.02), one gets: (39, repeated) (41, repeated) 6 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  7. If time “ ” is discretized at Discrete Fourier Transform then Eq. (39) becomes: (1) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  8. the summation on “ ”, one Discrete Fourier Transform cont. To simplify the notation, define: (2) Then, Eq. (1) can be written as: (3) Multiplying both sides of Eq. (3) by , and performing obtains (note: l= integer number) 8 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  9. Discrete Fourier Transform cont. (4) (5) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  10. There are 2 possibilities for to be considered in Eq. (7) Discrete Fourier Transform cont. Switching the order of summations on the right-hand-side of Eq.(5), one obtains: (6) Define: (7) 10 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  11. Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 1 Case(1): is a multiple integer of N, such as: ; or where Thus, Eq. (7) becomes: (8) Hence: (9) 11 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  12. Case(2): is NOT a multiple integer of In this case, from Eq. (7) one has: Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 (10) Define: (11) 12 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  13. because is “NOT” a multiple integer of Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 Then, Eq. (10) can be expressed as: (12) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  14. if if Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 From mathematical handbooks, the right side of Eq. (12) represents the “geometric series”, and can be expressed as: (13) (14) 14 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  15. Because of Eq. (11), hence Eq. (14) should be used to compute . Thus: Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 (See Eq. (10)) (15) (16) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  16. Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 Substituting Eq. (16) into Eq. (15), one gets (17) Thus, combining the results of case 1 and case 2, we get (18) 16 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  17. The End http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  18. Acknowledgement This instructional power point brought to you by Numerical Methods for STEM undergraduate http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Committed to bringing numerical methods to the undergraduate

  19. For instructional videos on other topics, go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/videos/ This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant # 0717624. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

  20. The End - Really

  21. Numerical MethodsDiscrete Fourier Transform Part: Discrete Fourier Transform http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  22. For more details on this topic • Go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu • Click on Keyword • Click on Discrete Fourier Transform

  23. You are free • to Share – to copy, distribute, display and perform the work • to Remix – to make derivative works

  24. Under the following conditions • Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. • Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

  25. Recall (where are integer numbers), And since must be in the range becomes Lecture # 9 Chapter 11.04: Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Substituting Eq.(18) into Eq.(7), and then referring to Eq.(6), one gets: (18A) Thus: http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  26. and where Discrete Fourier Transform—Case 2 Eq. (18A) can, therefore, be simplified to (18B) Thus: (19) (1, repeated) 26 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  27. Discrete Fourier Transform cont. Equations (19) and (1) can be rewritten as (20) (21) 27 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  28. Discrete Fourier Transform cont. To avoid computation with “complex numbers”, Equation (20) can be expressed as (20A) where http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  29. Discrete Fourier Transform cont. (20B) The above “complex number” equation is equivalent to the following 2 “real number” equations: (20C) (20D) 29 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  30. The End http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  31. Acknowledgement This instructional power point brought to you by Numerical Methods for STEM undergraduate http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Committed to bringing numerical methods to the undergraduate

  32. For instructional videos on other topics, go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/videos/ This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant # 0717624. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

  33. The End - Really

  34. Numerical MethodsDiscrete Fourier Transform Part: Aliasing Phenomenon Nyquist Samples, Nyquist ratehttp://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  35. For more details on this topic • Go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu • Click on Keyword • Click on Discrete Fourier Transform

  36. You are free • to Share – to copy, distribute, display and perform the work • to Remix – to make derivative works

  37. Under the following conditions • Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. • Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

  38. When a function which may represent the signals from some real-life phenomenon (shown in Figure 1), is sampled, it basically converts that function into a sequence at discrete locations of Lecture # 10 Chapter 11.04: Aliasing Phenomenon, Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate (Contd.) Figure 1: Function to be sampled and “Aliased” sample problem. 38 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  39. Thus, represents the value of where is the location of the first sample In Figure 1, the samples have been taken with a fairly large Thus, these sequence of discrete data will not be able to recover the original signal function Aliasing Phenomenon, Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate cont. 39 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  40. These piecewise linear interpolation (or other interpolation schemes) will NOT produce a curve which closely resembles the original function . This is the case where the data has been “ALIASED”. For example, if all discrete values of were connected by piecewise linear fashion, then a nearly horizontal straight line will occur between through and through respectively (See Figure 1). Aliasing Phenomenon, Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate cont. 40 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  41. Another potential difficulty in sampling the function is called “windowing” problem. As indicated in Figure 2, while is small enough so that a piecewise linear interpolation for connecting these discrete values will adequately resemble the original function , however, only a portion of the function has been sampled (from through ) rather than the entire one. In other words, one has placed a “window” over the function. “Windowing” phenomenon 41 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  42. Figure 2. Function to be sampled and “windowing” sample problem. “Windowing” phenomenon cont. 42 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  43. Figure 3. Frequency of sampling rate versus maximum frequency content In order to satisfy the frequency ( ) should be between points A and B of Figure 3. “Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate” 43 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  44. “Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate” Hence: which implies: Physically, the above equation states that one must have at least 2 samples per cycle of the highest frequency component present (Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate). 44 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  45. Figure 4. Correctly reconstructed signal. “Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate” 45 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  46. In Figure 4, a sinusoidal signal is sampled at the rate of 6 samples per 1 cycle (or ). Since this sampling rate does satisfy the sampling theorem requirement of , the reconstructed signal does correctly represent the original signal. “Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate” 46 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  47. In Figure 5 a sinusoidal signal is sampled at the rate of 6 samples per 4 cycles Since this sampling rate does NOT satisfy the requirement the reconstructed signal was wrongly represent the original signal! Figure 5. Wrongly reconstructed signal. “Nyquist samples, Nyquist rate” 47 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  48. The End http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

  49. Acknowledgement This instructional power point brought to you by Numerical Methods for STEM undergraduate http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Committed to bringing numerical methods to the undergraduate

  50. For instructional videos on other topics, go to http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/videos/ This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant # 0717624. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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