Pre-Columbian America, Spanish & British Colonial America

1. Pre-Columbian America,Spanish & British Colonial America

2. First Inhabitants • 35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of secondary migrations

5. North American Tribes • Pueblo, Navajo, and Hopi • Rio Grande Valley

6. Iroquois Confederacy • modern northeast

7. Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee • modern southeast

8. Sioux and Crow • Great Plains

10. South / Central American Tribes • Inca – Peru: known for advanced engineering and civil society

11. Inca Trail

12. Machu Picchu

14. Mayan – Central America / Yucatan Peninsula advanced agriculture and astronomy – created accurate 365 ¼ day calendar with solstices

17. Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan - The Castle

18. Aztecs – Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) advanced market system in capital city to support a developed agricultural market – had higher standard of living than contemporary European cities

21. Influences Driving Exploration • Christian Crusades – 11th through 14th century wars over Palestine brought to Europe silks, drugs, perfumes, cloth and wealth – a new route to the Orient

22. Portuguese – new navigation technology enabled trade expansion along west African coast (gold and slaves) Vasco da Gama

23. Reconquista: Spanish expulsion of the Moors from Iberian Peninsula created a religious ideology of expanding the Catholic faith – used to mask financial incentives of exploration / conquest

24. Early Explorers – Folklore, Myth, and Probable pre-1400 explorers

26. Spain in the New World

27. Conquistadors – Spanish explorers / conquerors of the new world driven by several motives God, Gold, and Glory

28. Christopher Columbus – 1492 – recognized because a permanent relationship was established between the old and new world

30. St. Augustine, Florida – 1565 – 1st permanent settlement in the U.S. primary purpose was to protect trading routes from English pirates

32. Exchange of diseases – Decimated Native American populations 90% mortality rate from disease and violence in South America in 200 years Smallpox

33. Europeans to North America Yellow Fever Malaria

34. Syphilis – North America to Europe

35. Europe Americas Gold, Silver Corn, Potatoes, Pineapples, Tobacco, Beans, Vanilla, Chocolate Syphilis • The ‘Columbian Exchange’ Wheat, Sugar, Rice, Coffee Horses, Cows, Pigs Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, Influenza, typhus, scarlet fever African slave labor

36. Queen Elizabeth (1558) • England becomes a protestant nation • Rivalry with Catholic Spain

37. Sea Dogs – English pirates raided Spanish ships – acquisition of wealth via force has been an acceptable vocation for much of history • Most famous ‘sea dog’ - Sir Francis Drake

38. English attempts at colonization • Newfoundland – Sir Humphrey Gilbert • Roanoke Island – Sir Walter Raleigh • The ‘Lost Colony’ & Virginia Dare Gilbert Raleigh

39. Spanish Armada defeated 1588 – allowed England to enter into the ‘colony business’ and establish naval supremacy

40. Why leave England? • Enclosure movement • High Unemployment • ‘Surplus population’ • Laws of Primogeniture

41. Joint-Stock Companies • The Virginia Company of London (The London Company) • Charter from King James I – settlers guaranteed the same rights as English subjects

42. Jamestown (1607) • Early Problems = disease and starvation • John Smith – “He who shall not work shall not eat”

43. …Among them were survivors from the winter of 1609-1610, the “starving time,” when, crazed for want of food, they roamed the woods for nuts and berries, dug up graves to eat the corpses, and died in batches until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty. In the Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia is a document of 1619 which tells of the first twelve years of the Jamestown colony. The first settlement had a hundred persons, who had one small ladle of parley per meal. When more people arrived, there was even less food. Many of the people lived in cavelike holes dug into the ground, and in the winter of 1609-1610 there were driven thru insufferable hunger to eat those things which nature most abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave after had lain buried three days and wholly devoured him; others, envying the better state of body and any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait and threatened to kill and eat them; one among them slew his wife as she slept in his bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her til he had clean devoured all parts saving her head… • The ‘starving time’ (1609-1610) – 60 of 500 settlers survive A passage from A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn

44. Relations with Indians • Lord De La Warr • Anglo-Powhatan Wars • “a perpetual war without peace or truce…”

45. VA Indians fell to • Disease, Disorganization, & Disposability

46. VA’s economic salvation – John Rolfe & tobacco • Beginning of the plantation system • Monoculture (dependency on one crop) developed • Needed for laborers – indentured servant (slaves were present)

47. House of Burgesses • 1st representative body in the colonies • James I did not trust the body and made VA a royal colony in 1624

49. Calvinism • John Calvin in Switzerland • Predestination • God had determined who was going to heaven (the elect) and hell since the beginning of creation • Good works could not get you into heaven • English Calvinists were called Puritans