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America becomes a world power: Imperialism. Chapter 18 America Claims an Empire. Sec 1: Imperialism And America. DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM.
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Chapter 18America Claims an Empire Sec 1: Imperialism And America
DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM The policy of one nation extending it's authority over another through territorial acquisition and control over the government and economy in the conquered nation.
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM • Desire for military strength • Gain new markets • Belief in cultural superiority
Desire for military strength • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan • Stated that great nations were always seafaring nations w/ powerful navies • Urged a build up of American naval power to compete w/ other nations. • Between 1883 – 1890 built 9 steel-hulled battleships; Maine most famous • Became world’s 3rd largest naval power
THAYER MAHAN COAL BURNING BATTLESHIP COALING STATION
The United States became an imperialist power to gain more wealth THE UNITED STATES NEEDED NEW MARKETS TO EXPORT THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS OF ITS FARMS AND FACTORIES
SOCIAL DARWINISM Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and the survival of the fittest but applied to society and politics. The wealthy are the strong and therefore have the right to rule the poor who are weak. The United States, as a strong nation, must dominate weaker nations. Philosopher Herbert Spencer who developed the theory of Social Darwinism
Missionary zeal, the desire to convert “heathen, non-believers” led to people moving to “uncivilized” areas in hopes of helping natives
America's first attempts at imperialism • Alaska • Hawaii
Alaska • Sec. of State William Seward • Had trouble convincing the House of Representatives • 1867 bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million • 1959 became our 49th state
Hawaii • By 1867 Hawaii had become economically important to the U.S. • For over a century American merchants stopped there on the way to China and East India. • By the mid 19th century, American owned sugar plantations accounted for ¾ of the islands’ wealth
Missionaries from the U.S. went to Hawaii in the late early 19th century
Hawaii • 1875 U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty free. • The McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated the duty free status. • Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in American market • Planters called on the U.S. to annex Hawaii; wouldn’t have to pay the duty
Hawaii • 1887 Hawaiian King Kalakaua was forced by white business owners to amend the constitution • Voting rights limited to wealthy landowners • 1891 he died and his sister, Queen Liliuokalani came to power • Adopted a “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda
Queen Liliuokalani, LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII (September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917)
Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani wanted to remove the property qualifications to be able to vote • Business groups organized a revolution • With help of U.S. Marines, they overthrew the Queen
SANFORD DOLE Became president of the Republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as part of the U.S. in 1898. In 1959, Hawaii became our 50th state
Spanish American War • Role of media • U.S.S. Maine • War in Cuba • Philippines • Differing opinions on imperialism Ch 18, Sec 2
PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY CUBA
Cubans Rebel Against Spain • 1st war for independence • 1868-1878; not successful but abolished slavery • American capitalists immediately invested millions on large sugar cane plantations
Cubans Rebel Against Spain • 2nd war for independence • Launched in 1895 • Lead by José Martí • “Cuba Libre” • Organized resistance against Spain • Active guerilla campaign • Destroyed American owned sugar mills & plantations
José Martí was a poet, writer, journalist, and Cuban national hero. He died fighting the Spanish on May 19, 1895
Spain’s Response to Martí • 1896 General Valeriano Weyler • Ordered to crush the rebellion • Herded entire rural population of central & western Cuba in concentration camps • Estimated 300,000 filled the camps • Thousands died of hunger & disease
“Yellow Journalism” Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington:You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst
YELLOW JOURNALISM • IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS WERE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR THE PUBLIC. • PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. • PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. • SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION. CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM
NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES UPON THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE U.S. FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE
The De Lôme Letter • Written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister in Washington, D.C. • The letter, was sent to a friend in Havana and was stolen from the Post Office • It was released by Cuban rebels to Hearst's newspaper.
The De Lôme Letter • The letter criticized President William McKinley "... McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble…" • On February 9, 1898, the letter was published in the New York Journal, (Hearst) • This event fired up an otherwise inactive President McKinley • Helped foment public sentiment in favor of the Cuban rebels and against the Spanish • It is seen as one of the principal triggers of the Spanish-American War of 1898.
ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15, 1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR. U.S.S. MAINEin Havana Harbor blew up killing 260 men
“Remember the Maine” • Rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba • April 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for permission to use force against Spain • April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain
ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY • On April 30, 1898 The U.S. fleet opened fire on the Spanish fleet. • Within hours Spanish fleet destroyed. • American troops land & joined forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo • August, 1898 Spanish troops surrendered.
War in Cuba • U.S.: Small professional Army • 125,000 volunteers: • Camps lacked supplies • Lacked effective leaders • Not enough modern guns • Wool uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s climate • Led by Civil War veterans; talked instead of trained
War in Cuba • Landed in June 1898 & moved towards the port city of Santiago • 17,000 troops • 4 African-American regiments (regular Army) • Volunteer cavalry unit – the Rough Riders • Led by Leonard Wood & Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
Battle of San Juan Hill • Most famous battle of the war • Rough Riders & 2 African-American units made a dramatic charge up Kettle Hill. • Attack cleared the way for the strategically important San Juan Hill. • Rough Riders minor role at San Juan Hill • Newspapers made him hero of San Juan Hill
The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam. The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines. The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
THE U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER • HAWAII: 1898 • MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867 • WAKE ISLAND: 1898 • GUAM: 1898 • JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898 • PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898 • SAMOA ISLAND: 1899 • PHILIPPINES: 1898 • PUERTO RICO: 1898 What is happening in this cartoon?
Significance of the Spanish-American War • Respect from European powers. • National pride. • US became a Far Eastern power. • The beginnings of the might of the US Navy. • Closing the gap on North-South animosities by helping end the legacy of bitterness since the Civil War.
