Expanding Markets and Moving West

1. Expanding Markets and Moving West Chapter 9 Section 1 Market Economy

2. Samuel F. B. Morse .._ ._.. • Morse began his communication system using 10 miles of copper wire • The government gave him $30,000 to increase it to 40 miles • The first message went between Baltimore and DC … __ . _ _ _ …_ _.. __ ….

3. Industrialism • During the mid 1800s, America went from being primarily agricultural to more industrial • Workers left farms and cottage industries to work in mills, often textile mills

4. Farming • Farmers were more efficient after they specialized, growing only 1 or 2 crops

5. Market Economy • People now went to a market to exchange their goods and services • They no longer needed to be self-sufficient • The Free market allowed the American economy to grow

6. A FreeMarket Economy also called Capitalism • A free market is a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property. It is the opposite of a controlled market, in which the state directly regulates how goods, services and labor may be used, priced, or distributed, rather than relying on the mechanism of private ownership.

7. Factors of Production • Land • Labor • Capital • Entrepreneurship • Technology • A market economy/capitalism allows individuals to own all the above

8. Entrepreneurial Spirit • Capitalism – people control the factors of production and allow them to keep the profits • Francis Cabot Lowell pooled money with other investors to open even more textile mills

9. Entrepreneurial Spirit • Entrepreneurs can make a lot of money, but they assume all of the risk • Charles Goodyear (died in debt) developed rubber and developed the process of vulcanization. • Risk does not always pay off

10. Other Inventions • Elias Howe sewing machine • Isaac M Singer sewing machine and food treadle • Robert Fulton steam boat • Early development of the steam engine for the new train

11. Telegraph • Trains began use of Morse’s telegraph system to keep schedules and relay updated prices

12. Canals • More Canals were dug to connect waterways • Flatboats were pulled by animals • With the rise of railroads, canals were soon replaced • Remember the Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch Low Bridge, Everybody Down!

13. Trains….Trains….. • Shipping goods by train was more expensive than by wagon or flatboat, but speed was the key • Trains ran everyday and in all seasons. • Consumer prices fell • Canals, roads and railroads connected cities and regions

14. Farming in the Midwest • The Midwest was covered with fertile soil • John Deere’s steel plow to cultivate the soil • Cyrus McCormick’s reaper did the harvesting of 5 men

15. Expanding Markets and Moving West Manifest Destiny Chapter 9 Section 2

16. Thomas Jefferson • In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of America • Forty years later, America demanded more land

17. Manifest Destiny • John L. O’Sullivan coined the term of manifest destinyas our God-given right to own all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific • Most Americans agreed

18. Heading West • Farmers, miners, trappers and merchants headed west of the Rockies • Ports in the Oregon Territory welcomed trade from China and Japan

20. What about the Indians??? • By the 1830s, almost all the Indians had been killed or moved west of the Mississippi River • Some joined white culture • Some fought white settlers • Some continued to move

21. Black Hawk War • White settlers wanted to push the Indians out of the upper Midwest • Chief Black Hawk believed that he would lead the Indians to victory • The Indians lost in the attack and even more were moved west of the Miss River

22. Middle Ground • Land between Indian and White settlements was called “the middle ground” • As the Indians were pushed west, the middle ground also moved west • The middle ground kept moving and getting smaller

23. Fort Laramie Treaty • Indians attacked settlers at Fort Laramie • The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, gave Indians control of the Plains and the US agreed to abide by the treaty and make annual payments to the Indians

24. Fort Laramie Treaty • The settlers continued to settle on Indian land, destroy their hunting grounds, kill of the native buffalo and elk, and trample the land. • Another treaties demanded that the Indians move from these lands

25. Trails West – Santa Fe • Many trails began at Independence, MO and move west • Fearing Indian attacks, most wagon trains banded together • Traders exchanged goods for gold, silver and fur with Mexicans and returned home

26. Santa Fe

27. Trails West – Oregon Trail • Missionaries, told of the fertile land in the Great Plains • Hundreds of farmers settled there, arriving by Conestoga

28. Trails West –Donner Party • Not every trip west was successful • The Reed-Donner party left Independence in May and attempted to take a short-cut to catch up with the rest of the group

29. Trails West – Donner Party • They did not make it across the mountains before the November snows • By the time they were rescued, only about half survived – by eating the dead

30. Trails West – Mormons • The Mormon religion was established in 1846 by Joseph Smith • Mormons believe that there were lost tribes of Israel that came to America and blended with the Native Americans

31. Trails West – Mormons • They also believed in polygamy • For this, they faced discrimination which forced them to move from New York to Illinois • Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob

32. Trails West – Mormons • The Mormons, under Brigham Young, moved west until they settled in Salt Lake City • Mormon Trail • They remained isolated until 1849 (California gold rush)

33. Oregon Territory • The territory took in all of northwestern America. • It was claimed by Britain and America • James K. Polk, an expansionist, used the slogan, “54° 40’ or Fight” in his presidential campaign

34. James K. Polk

36. Oregon Territory • It was more land than Polk actually wanted and although he was edging toward war with Britain over his demand, there was no way America could fight a successful war with Britain while pushing Mexico • His bluff worked though

37. Expanding Markets and Moving West Expansion in Texas Chapter 9 Section 3

38. Stephen Austin • American cotton farmers settled in eastern Texas • To keep settlement orderly, Mexico gave empresarios, land grants, to others • Stephen Austinreceived an empresario

40. Mexico – the early years • The earliest Spanish settlements were missions and trading posts • Their objective was to convert the Indians to Catholicism • After Mexico received their independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery in 1821

41. Mexico – building a country • Independent Mexico looked for ways to increase their economy • They eased trade with the US • They encouraged American farmers to settle in Mexico to protect the area from Indians

42. Mexico – the invasion • The empresarios allowed settlers to buy cheap land • They came by the thousands, pledging to obey Mexican law • No slaves • Speak Spanish • Become Catholic

43. Mexico – the broken promises • American settlers did not observe any of Mexico’s requests • Soon the American population surpassed the Tejano (native)population • Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas from Mexico

44. Mexico – it’s mine, not yours • Mexico refused to sell • Protestant, slaveholding, English-speaking settlers continued to pour into Norte Mexico called Texas • In 1830, Mexico closed its borders but lacked the security to enforce it

45. Mexico – Yankee, go home • But the Americans kept coming • By 1836 there were more slaves in Texas than Tejanos • General Santa Anna took over the Mexican gov’t & declared himself dictator

46. Mexico – they can’t do that • Fearing Santa Anna would enforce the Mexican law,the Texians declared independence • They said they swore allegiance to Mexico NOT Santa Anna

47. Texas!! We will not surrender • Among the Texans fighting Mexico were 2 American folk heroes Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie

48. Santa Anna marched his army to the Alamoin San Antonio to make the REBELS surrender. • He destroyed the fort and killed all the Texians inside

49. AlamoGoliadSanJacinto

50. Mexico – the fat lady sings • After 2 Mexicanvictories at the Alamo & Goliad, Texian forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto • The Republic of Texas was born