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Introduction to advanced biology

Introduction to advanced biology. What is the difference? OR Are they the same thing?? Morphology : structure Physiology : function How are they related? Why do we need to study both?. Morphology vs. physiology. Ontogeny : developmental history of an organism

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Introduction to advanced biology

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  1. Introduction to advanced biology

  2. What is the difference? OR Are they the same thing?? Morphology: structure Physiology: function How are they related? Why do we need to study both? Morphology vs. physiology

  3. Ontogeny: developmental history of an organism Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a taxon Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny… What does this mean? Is it correct? (Think about it…) Ontogeny vs. phylogeny

  4. 130-200 AD (Greek) • He Discovered: • Nerves control muscles • Muscles work in contraction pairs • Structural differences between arteries and veins • Diagnostic use of pulse rate • Blood passes from left to right of heart • ** human dissection was forbidden** Galen

  5. 1514-1564 (Belgium/France) “Father of Anatomy” Published “De humanicorporisfabrica” (“On the Structure of the Human Body”) Descriptive human anatomy Detailed anatomy drawings Corrected Galen Vesalius

  6. Vesalius

  7. 1578-1657 (English) Discovered heart was a hollow muscle Described basic circulation Arteries: take blood away from heart Veins: blood back to heart Harvey

  8. 1628-1694 (Italian) Discovered capillaries in lungs Malpighi

  9. Taxonomy Kingdom(Animalia); Phylum(Chordata); Subphylum(Vertebrata); Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species Animalia: multi-cellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic Chordata: dorsal nerve chord, notochord(replaced by spinal column), pharyngeal clefts(gill slits) Vertebrata: backbone Linneaus

  10. Observe 1st; Theorize 2nd 1st Principle: Subordination of Parts: some organs are so important they can vary little or none at all 2nd Principle: Correlation of Parts: if some parts are present then other parts are there in correlation with them Cuvier

  11. Biogenic Law Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylongeny Life History Repeats Evolutionary History Now, is this right?? NO! This is wrong!!! Haeckel

  12. Organisms go from generalized to specialized; simple to complex You will need this for your chick notebook! Von Baer’s theory

  13. Anterior: toward the head Posterior (Caudal): toward the tail Dorsal: Toward the back Ventral: Toward the belly Median: midline of the body Distal: Away from the midline TErMS TO KNOW

  14. HOMOLOGOUS: similar structure; dissimilar function (ex. Human hand and bird wing) ANALOGOUS: similar function, dissimilar structure (ex. Human lung and fish gill) VESTIGIAL: organ that has no apparent function Terms to know

  15. Primitive: refers to beginning or origin (ex. The notochord is primitive, occured in 1st chordates) Generalized: structures that have undergone an adaptation to a variety of conditions (ex. bat wing, seal flipper, human hand) Specialized: represents an adaptive modification (ex. Bird beaks) Terms to know

  16. Derived (or Modified): any change from a previous state Higher or Lower: position of major taxa on a phylogenetic scale Simple: lack of complexity Advanced: a modification for adaptation Degenerate: “value judgment”; losing advancement, avoid using this term Terms to know

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